The SDSS Data Release 5 (DR5)

The journal reference for the Fifth Data Release is J. Adelman-McCarthy et al. 2007, submitted to ApJ Supplements (follow the link for a pdf of the manuscript of this paper as submitted to the journal). This manuscript has not yet been refereed.

Contents

• What DR5 contains
• Caveats for imaging data
• Caveats for spectroscopic data
• Advanced features not yet available in DR5

What DR5 contains

The DR5 imaging data cover about 8000 square degrees, and include information on roughly 215 million objects. The DR5 spectroscopic data include data from 1278 main survey plates of 640 spectra each, and cover 5600 square degrees. In addition, DR5 contains 361 "extra" and "special" plates:

• 62 "extra" plate/MJD combinations which are repeat observations of 53 distinct main survey plates,
• 289 distinct "special" plates, which are observations of spectroscopic targets, mostly in the southern galactic cap, which were selected by the collaboration for a series of specialized science programs (note that some of these plates are outside of the DR5 imaging area),
• and 10 "extraspecial" repeat observations of "special" plates.

There is a separate page describing the special plates in DR5

The DR5 footprint is defined by all non-repeating survey-quality imaging runs within the a priori defined elliptical survey area in the Nothern Galactic Cap, and three stripes in the Southern Galactic Cap obtained prior to 1 July 2005, and the spectroscopy associated with that area as well as the extra and special plates obtained before that date. In fact, 34 square degrees of imaging data in the Nothern Galactic Cap lie outside this ellipse. While the DR5 scans do not repeat a given area of sky, they do overlap to some extent, and the data in the overlaps are included in earlier releases as well. The sky coverage of the imaging and spectroscopic data that make up DR5 are given on the coverage page. The natural unit of imaging data is a run; the DR5 contains data from (about) 240 runs in the best database, and (about) 242 runs in the target database.

A total of 183 square degrees of sky are different runs between target and best, the majority along the Equatorial Stripe in the Fall sky.

We also make available images and associated catalogs from three categories of special runs as a DRsup (supplemental) DAS-only data release. They are:

• A series of repeat scans of the Equatorial Stripe in the Southern Galactic Cap (Stripe 82);
• Scans through M31 and the Perseus Cluster;
• Scans taken at low Galactic latitude as part of the SEGUE project; these runs were used to target stars on special plates.

Except for the sky coverage, the pipelines and databases are identical in DR5, DR4, DR3 and DR2. Thus, DR5 is (very nearly) a proper superset of DR4, which is a superset of DR3, which is a superset of DR2. The DR2 included reprocessing of all data included in DR1, and those data in EDR that pass our data-quality criteria for the official survey. For details about what changed from DR3 to DR4, please refer to About DR4 on the DR4 web site.

There is a table photoAuxAll in the CAS that contains errors and covariances for the right ascension and declination as well as galactic coordinates for all objects. See the CAS Schema Browser entry for photoAuxAll and the astrometry algorithms description for the calculation of RA, DEC errors.

New for DR5

• Photometric redshifts for galaxies The DR1 Catalog Archive Server had a table with photometric redshifts for galaxies, including galaxies fainter than those in the spectroscopic survey. The redshifts have now been computed and loaded into the database for DR5; there are now two different tables of photometric redshifts provided by two different groups within SDSS. See the Skyserver documentation of the photometric redshift tables photz and photoz2.
• Coverage masks Detailed coverage masks which allow large-scale structure resarchers to easily calculate power spectrum and related quantities, and which allow the computation of the area covered by statistical samples such as the quasar sample are now in the DR5 CAS. See the CAS sample queries on generating a uniform quasar sample.
• The runQA bug of using only the s color in the determination of a run's summary quality is now fixed and the proper colors are used in all quality determinations. In addition, runQA is now also available for the target photometry in a new CAS table targRunQA, in addition to the best-era information in the runQA table.

Not entirely new, but still noteworthy

Stetson and RC3 catalogs are in CAS

There are two tables stetson and RC3 in the holding photometric catalogs. stetson includes stellar B, V, R, and I Kron-Cousins photometry with an accuracy of 0.02 mag or better from Stetson (2000), as downloaded from the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre photometric standards Web site. RC3 contains data from the Third Reference Catalog of Galaxies (de Vaucouleurs et al. 1991). Both are included in the CAS to allow cross-reference to SDSS data.

Photometric transformations between SDSS and Kron-Cousins systems

There is a long page describing transformations between SDSS (ugriz) and Kron-Cousins (UBVR_cI_c) photometry.

Imaging caveats

The following caveats apply unchanged to DR5.

Overestimation of sky levels in the vicinity of bright objects

A study of weak lensing in the SDSS imaging data (Mandelbaum et al. 2005) found a systematic, 5% decrease in the number density of faint objects within 90′′ of bright (r < 18) galaxies. This was found to be due to a systematic overestimation of the sky levels in the vicinity of bright objects, which of course will affect all the measured photometric quantities of faint objects, including the classification as stars and galaxies. The brighter the object, the larger the overestimation of sky; indeed, restricting to foreground galaxies brighter than r = 16, the number density of fainter galaxies is 10% below the mean. The effect is due to the way in which the sky levels are estimated in the SDSS; they can be biased upward by the faint outer isophotes of a bright galaxy (see the EDR paper [Stoughton et al. 2002]; see also the discussion in Strauss et al. 2002). Closer than 40′′ to the bright objects, the intrinsic clustering of galaxies makes it difficult to assess the problem. This problem is most relevant for applications that involve correlating positions of bright objects with faint ones, yielding a spurious anti-correlation on the affected scales. We are currently investigating changes to the imaging pipeline to address this problem.

Red leak to the u filter and very red objects

The u filter has a natural red leak around 7100 Å which is supposed to be blocked by an interference coating. However, under the vacuum in the camera, the wavelength cutoff of the interference coating has shifted redward (see the discussion in the EDR paper), allowing some of this red leak through. The extent of this contamination is different for each camera column. It is not completely clear if the effect is deterministic; there is some evidence that it is variable from one run to another with very similar conditions in a given camera column. Roughly speaking, however, this is a 0.02 magnitude effect in the u magnitudes for mid-K stars (and galaxies of similar color), increasing to 0.06 magnitude for M0 stars (r-i ~ 0.5), 0.2 magnitude at r-i ~ 1.2, and 0.3 magnitude at r-i = 1.5. There is a large dispersion in the red leak for the redder stars, caused by three effects:

• The differences in the detailed red leak response from column to column, beating with the complex red spectra of these objects.
• The almost certain time variability of the red leak.
• The red-leak images on the u chips are out of focus and are not centered at the same place as the u image because of lateral color in the optics and differential refraction - this means that the fraction of the red-leak flux recovered by the PSF fitting depends on the amount of centroid displacement.

To make matters even more complicated, this is a detector effect. This means that it is not the real i and z which drive the excess, but the instrumental colors (i.e., including the effects of atmospheric extinction), so the leak is worse at high airmass, when the true ultraviolet flux is heavily absorbed but the infrared flux is relatively unaffected. Given these complications, we cannot recommend a specific correction to the u-band magnitudes of red stars, and warn the user of these data about over-interpreting results on colors involving the u band for stars later than K.

Bias in sky determination

There is a slight and only recently recognized downward bias in the determination of the sky level in the photometry, at the level of roughly 0.1 DN per pixel. This is apparent if one compares large-aperture and PSF photometry of faint stars; the bias is of order 29 mag arcsec^-2 in r. This, together with scattered light problems in the u band, can cause of order 10% errors in the u band Petrosian fluxes of large galaxies.

Zeropoint of the photometric system

The SDSS photometry is intended to be on the AB system (Oke & Gunn 1983), by which a magnitude 0 object should have the same counts as a source of F_nu = 3631 Jy. However, this is known not to be exactly true, such that the photometric zeropoints are slightly off the AB standard. We continue to work to pin down these shifts. Our present estimate, based on comparison to the STIS standards of Bohlin, Dickinson, & Calzetti~(2001) and confirmed by SDSS photometry and spectroscopy of fainter hot white dwarfs, is that the u band zeropoint is in error by 0.04 mag, u_AB = u_SDSS - 0.04 mag, and that g, r, and i are close to AB. These statements are certainly not precise to better than 0.01 mag; in addition, they depend critically on the system response of the SDSS 2.5-meter, which was measured by Doi et al. (2004, in preparation). The z band zeropoint is not as certain at this time, but there is mild evidence that it may be shifted by about 0.02 mag in the sense z_AB = z_SDSS + 0.02 mag. The large shift in the u band was expected because the adopted magnitude of the SDSS standard BD+17 in Fukugita et al.(1996) was computed at zero airmass, thereby making the assumed u response bluer than that of the USNO system response.

Holes in the imaging data

About 0.3% of the DR5 imaging footprint area (about 10/square degree) for DR5 are marked as holes. These are indicated in the CAS by setting quality=5 (HOLE) in the tsField file and field table and given in the list of quality holes, which contains further details about the holes and quality flags, including a information about a table in the CAS which allows one to query for quality information about each field of data.

Problems with one u chip

The u chip in the third column of the camera is read out on two amplifiers. On occasion, electronic problems on this chip caused one of the two amplifiers to fail, meaning that half the chip has no detected objects on it. This was a problem for only two of the 105 imaging runs included in DR5: run 2190, which includes a total of 360 frames in two separate contiguous pieces on strip 12N (centered roughly at delta = +5 degrees in the North Galactic Cap; NGC), and run 2189, which includes 76 frames on stripe 36N near the northern boundary of the contiguous area in the NGC. The relevant frames are flagged as bad in the quality flag; in addition, individual objects in this region have the u band flagged as NOTCHECKED_CENTER (or, for objects which straddle the boundary between the two amplifiers, LOCAL_EDGE). Richards et al (2002) describe how the quasar selection algorithm handles such data; the net effect is that no quasars are selected by the ugri branch of the algorithm for these data.

Spectroscopy caveats

Zero equivalent width of emission lines, especially H alpha

There is a bug in the line-measurement code that has been in use since DR3 which gives some emission lines an equivalent width of zero, even though there is a significant line detection. The aim of the change introducing the bug had been to determine the equivalent width by integrating the spectrum, instead of using the parameters of a fitted Gaussian. The Gauss-fit equivalent width can be recovered from the fit parameters using the usual expression EW = 2.5066 * sigma * height / continuum.

Main survey spectra which are not marked sciencePrimary = 1 in CAS

Due to a bug in the pipelines, there are no tsTargets*.fits files for plates 1617-1620, 1623, and 1652. As a consequence, the objects from these plates do not have entries in the target and targetInfo tables in the CAS. Hence they are not marked sciencePrimary = 1 and do not appear in the default specObj and specPhoto views, which provide a filtered set of unique science spectra and form the basis of all query interfaces. Use the specObjAll and and specPhotoAll tables to access spectra from these plates in the CAS.

Note about galactic extinction correction

In the EDR and DR1, the spectroscopic data were nominally corrected for galactic extinction. The spectrophotometry since DR2 is vastly improved compared to DR1, but the final calibrated spectra in DR2 and beyond are not corrected for foreground Galactic reddening (a relatively small effect; the median E(B-V) over the survey is 0.034). Users of spectra should note that the fractional improvement in spectrophotometry from DR1 to DR2 and beyond was much greater than the extinction correction itself. As the SDSS includes a substantial number of spectra of galactic stars, a decision has been taken not to apply any extinction correction to spectra, since it would only be appropriate for extragalactic objects, but to report the observational result of the SDSS, namely, the spectrum including galactic extinction.

Problematic plates

A small number of plates suffered from a variety of minor problems affecting the quality of the spectrophotometry (but not of redshifts). See the list under Plates with problematic spectrophotometry on the data products page for spectra.

Mismatches between the spectroscopic and imaging data

For various reasons, a small fraction of the spectroscopic objects do not have a counterpart in the best object catalogs. In addition, the DR5 does not contain photometric information for some of the special plates, and the retrieval of photometric data from the CAS database requires special care for objects from the special plates. See the caveat about mismatches between spectra and images on the data products page for spectra.

Advanced features not yet available in DR5

There are a number of advanced features or data products that are not yet available in DR5, but will be in the near future.

• IQS/SQS The Imaging Query Server (IQS) and Spectro Query Server (SQS) form interfaces have been re-enginered to use a faster database. They currently do not provide a direct link to the DAS data download form; users need to save .csv files with the necessary information and upload these by hand to the DAS form.