Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Early Data Release

Chris Stoughton, Robert H. Lupton, Mariangela Bernardi, Michael R. Blanton, Scott Burles, Francisco J. Castander, A. J. Connolly, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Joshua A. Frieman, G. S. Hennessy, Robert B. Hindsley, Zeljko Ivezi\'c, Stephen Kent, Peter Z. Kunszt, Brian C. Lee, Avery Meiksin, Jeffrey A. Munn, Heidi Jo Newberg, R. C. Nichol, Tom Nicinski, Jeffrey R. Pier, Gordon T. Richards, Michael W. Richmond, David J. Schlegel, J. Allyn Smith, Michael A. Strauss, Mark SubbaRao, Alexander S. Szalay, Aniruddha R. Thakar, Douglas L. Tucker, Daniel E. Vanden Berk, Brian Yanny, Jennifer K. Adelman, John E. Anderson, Jr., Scott F. Anderson, James Annis, Neta A. Bahcall, J. A. Bakken, Matthias Bartelmann, Steven Bastian, Amanda Bauer, Eileen Berman, Hans Böhringer, William N. Boroski, Steve Bracker, Charlie Briegel, John W. Briggs, J. Brinkmann, Robert Brunner, Larry Carey, Michael A. Carr, Bing Chen, Damian Christian, Patrick L. Colestock, J. H. Crocker, István Csabai, Paul C. Czarapata, Julianne Dalcanton, Arthur F. Davidsen, John Eric Davis, Walter Dehnen, Scott Dodelson, Mamoru Doi, Tom Dombeck, Megan Donahue, Nancy Ellman, Brian R. Elms, Michael L. Evans, Laurent Eyer, Xiaohui Fan, Glenn R. Federwitz, Scott Friedman, Masataka Fukugita, Roy Gal, Bruce Gillespie, Karl Glazebrook, Jim Gray, Eva K. Grebel, Bruce Greenawalt, Gretchen Greene, James E. Gunn, Ernst de Haas, Zoltán Haiman, Merle Haldeman, Patrick B. Hall, Masaru Hamabe, Brad Hansen, Frederick H. Harris, Hugh Harris, Michael Harvanek, Suzanne L. Hawley, J. J. E. Hayes, Timothy M. Heckman, Amina Helmi, Arne Henden, Craig J. Hogan, David W. Hogg, Donald J. Holmgren, Jon Holtzman, Chih-Hao Huang, Charles Hull, Shin-Ichi Ichikawa, Takashi Ichikawa, David E. Johnston, Guinevere Kauffmann, Rita S.J. Kim, Tim Kimball, E. Kinney, Mark Klaene, S. J. Kleinman, Anatoly Klypin, G. R. Knapp, John Korienek, Julian Krolik, Richard G. Kron, Jurek Krzesinski, D.Q. Lamb, R. French Leger, Siriluk Limmongkol, Carl Lindenmeyer, Daniel C. Long, Craig Loomis, Jon Loveday, Bryan MacKinnon, Edward J. Mannery, P. M. Mantsch, Bruce Margon, Peregrine McGehee, Timothy A. McKay, Brian McLean, Kristen Menou, Aronne Merelli, H. J. Mo, David G. Monet, Osamu Nakamura, Vijay K. Narayanan, Thomas Nash, Eric H. Neilsen, Jr., Peter R. Newman, Atsuko Nitta, Michael Odenkirchen, Norio Okada, Sadanori Okamura, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Russell Owen, A. George Pauls, John Peoples, R. S. Peterson, Donald Petravick, Adrian Pope, Ruth Pordes, Marc Postman, Angela Prosapio, Thomas R. Quinn, Ron Rechenmacher, Claudio H. Rivetta, Hans-Walter Rix, Constance M. Rockosi, Robert Rosner, Kurt Ruthmansdorfer, Dale Sandford, Donald P. Schneider, Ryan Scranton, Maki Sekiguchi, Gary Sergey, Ravi Sheth, Kazuhiro Shimasaku, Stephen Smee, Stephanie A. Snedden, Albert Stebbins, Christopher Stubbs, Istvan Szapudi, Paula Szkody, Gyula P. Szokoly, Serge Tabachnik, Zlatan Tsvetanov, Alan Uomoto, Michael S. Vogeley, Wolfgang Voges, Patrick Waddell, René Walterbos, Shu-i Wang, Masaru Watanabe, David H. Weinberg, Richard L. White, Simon D. M. White, Brian Wilhite, David Wolfe, Naoki Yasuda, Donald G. York, Idit Zehavi, Wei Zheng

Abstract

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is an imaging and spectroscopic survey which will eventually cover approx. one-quarter of the Celestial Sphere and collect spectra of approx. 106 galaxies, 100,000 quasars, 30,000 stars, and 30,000 serendipity targets. In June 2001, the SDSS released to the general astronomical community its Early Data Release (EDR), roughly 462 square degrees of imaging data including almost 14 million detected objects, and 54,008 followup spectra. The imaging data was collected in drift scan mode in five bandpasses (u, g, r, i, and z); our 95% completeness limits for stars are 22.0, 22.2, 22.2, 21.3, and 20.5, respectively. The photometric calibration is reproducible to (5, 3, 3, 3, 5)%, respectively. The spectra are flux- and wavelength-calibrated, with 4096 pixels from 3800Å to 9200Å at R approx. 1800. We present the means by which these data are distributed to the astronomical community, descriptions of the hardware used to obtain the data, the software used for processing the data, the measured quantities for each observed object, and an overview of the properties of this dataset.

1  Introduction

In 1988, a team of astrophysicists gathered together for the task of designing a next generation redshift survey - one which would target both galaxies and quasars. In order to achieve the highest level of homogeneity in these two redshift samples, it was concluded that a dedicated imaging survey would be needed from which target galaxies and quasars would be selected, and that imaging and spectroscopy could be done with the same telescope switching between the two observing modes. Substantial improvement beyond existing surveys dictated an increase by a factor of 100 in terms of the number of targets available at the time - in other words, a survey of one million galaxy redshifts. This survey, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) [York et al., 2000], is now underway, having begun standard operations in April 2000, and is planned to last five years. It will eventually cover pi steradians in the North Galactic Cap, plus three smaller regions in the South Galactic Cap. Now, at the end of the SDSS' first year of standard operations, we are pleased to present this early data release (EDR), consisting of 462 square degrees of imaging data and 54,008 spectra of objects selected from within this area.

This is the first substantive public release of data from the SDSS. Release of the future survey data is scheduled to follow this first release in approximately annual installments. The EDR is served over the World Wide Web from the Space Telescope Science Institute1, Fermilab2, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ)3, and the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics4. The institutions involved in the survey and the survey funding sources may be found at the end of this paper. An historical account of the various institutional involvements and acknowledgment of the major project contractors may be found in York et al. [2001].

A brief description of the hardware and associated software may be found in York et al. [2000], which is a technical summary of the project. York et al. [2000] serves as an introduction to the SDSS Project Book, which is a full technical description of the survey hardware and software, available on the web5. The as-built instrument parameters are given in Table , and basic characteristics of the data are given in Table . In brief, the survey uses a dedicated 2.5m telescope, located at Apache Point Observatory (APO) in New Mexico, with a 3° field of view. The telescope has two instruments: a CCD imaging camera that takes data in drift-scanning mode, nearly simultaneously in five photometric bands u, g, r, i and z, and a pair of double spectrographs that use fiber optics to simultaneously take spectra of 640 objects selected from the imaging data. The imaging data are taken on nights of pristine conditions (photometric, good seeing, no moon), while spectroscopy is done on those nights that are less than perfect. The data are photometrically calibrated with the aid of an auxiliary 20¢¢ telescope, the Photometric Telescope (PT), at the site. The data are processed through a series of interlocking pipelines which find the objects in the imaging data, measure their properties, apply astrometric and photometric calibrations, select objects for spectroscopic followup, extract and calibrate the spectra, and derive redshifts and spectral types from the spectra.

The data included in the EDR were taken as we commissioned the hardware and software of the survey, and do not all meet our scientific requirements, in particular in image quality (``seeing''), photometric calibration, and target selection. Nevertheless, the data are of excellent quality, and have supported a number of investigations: the discovery of high-redshift quasars ( and references therein); the large-scale distribution of galaxies (); the gravitational lensing masses of galaxies [Fischer et al., 2000] and clusters [Castander et al., 2001,Sheldon et al., 2001]; the luminosities and colors of galaxies [Blanton et al., 2001a,Shimasaku et al., 2001,Strateva et al., 2001]; the structure of the Milky Way [Ivezi\'c et al., 2000,Yanny et al., 2000,Chen et al., 2001]; the discovery of brown dwarfs ( and references therein); the structure of the asteroid belt [Ivezi\'c et al., 2001]; and many other results as well. An up-to-date, complete list of SDSS science publications may be found at /publications/publications.php. Our aim in this paper is to describe the data in enough detail to allow the community to reproduce the results of these papers, and carry out further investigations with them.

The outline of this paper is as follows: § 2 describes the scope of the EDR, the basic data formats, and the way in which the data will be distributed to the astronomical community. § 3 describes the hardware of the project, emphasizing those characteristics that are necessary to understand the strengths and flaws of the data. § 4 describes the pipelines used to reduce the data, with emphasis on the nature of the scientifically useful outputs. We conclude in § 5.

Finally, a comment on notation. As we describe in § 4.5, our photometric calibration remains uncertain, due in part to differing filter curves on the 2.5m and the PT. The original filter system, and the AB system based on it as defined by Fukugita et al. [1996], is referred to here as u¢g¢r¢i¢z¢; this is close to that realized on the PT. The 2.5m filters themselves are referred to as ugriz, while the still-preliminary 2.5m-based photometry will be called u*g*r*i*z*.

2  Data Distribution

2.1  Sky Coverage

The EDR contains 462 square degrees of imaging data in five bands, and 54,008 spectra in that same area. The data were acquired in three regions: along the celestial equator in the Southern Galactic sky; along the celestial equator in the Northern Galactic sky; and in a region overlapping the SIRTF First Look Survey.

Table  summarizes the imaging data included in the EDR. The ``run number'' is a designation we use for one continuous scan of the SDSS imaging camera on the sky, and a ``stripe'' is the great circle covered by a run, 2.5° wide. We cover each ``stripe'' in two ``strips'', separated in the north/south direction so that the interleaved scans of the six columns of the imaging camera completely cover the ``stripe.'' We define the great circles for the imaging survey in section 3.2.2. The location of each run and the effective area covered are indicated in the table. Runs 94/125 and 752/756 are long stripes on the equator, in the Southern and Northern Galactic caps, respectively, while runs 1336/1339 and 1356/1359 are shorter scans, off the equator, designed to overlap with the SIRTF First Look Survey. The sky coverage of the resulting imaging and spectroscopic data are illustrated in Figures 2.1 and 2.1.

fig-allsky-imaging.gif
Figure 1: Imaging Sky Coverage for the SDSS EDR. A box defined by raMin, raMax, decMin, and decMax is filled in for each Field object.

fig-allsky-spectroscopy.gif
Figure 2: Spectroscopy Sky Coverage for the SDSS EDR. A circle defined by ra, dec and a diameter of 3° is filled in for each Plate object.

Table  summarizes the spectroscopic data. As discussed in section 4.8, we select objects detected in the imaging data for spectroscopic observations. The nominal exposure time for each plate is 45 minutes, which typically yields a signal-to-noise ratio of 4.5 per pixel for objects with a g* magnitude of 20.2. The measured signal-to-noise ratio at g* = 20.2 for each plate is included in Table . For completeness, we list several plates which were designed but not unobserved; they have no entry in the (S/N)2 column.

The overall quality of the EDR is summarized briefly in Table .

2.2  Data Products

Figure  summarizes the data products for imaging and spectroscopy, the three database servers we use to present these products to the astronomical community, and the user interfaces we have developed to help astronomers work with the data effectively. The data products described below are:

fig_edr-flow.gif
Figure 3: Overview of data products and distribution for SDSS EDR. The left column contains all of the data products available. The second column contains the servers that hold data. Note that not all data products are contained in each of the servers. The third column contains the interfaces we provide to these servers. Choose which interface to use based on the results you wish to obtain, listed in the fourth column.

2.2.1  Parameters, Classes, and Associations

We organize our measured parameters, for imaging and spectroscopic data, by grouping related parameters into classes. Table  lists the classes. Tables , , , , , , , , and list the parameters in each class with a brief description.

In each table, we list the parameter name (in many cases, parameters have several synonyms, as listed), the datatype, a brief description, and, for Table , an indication of whether this is a tagged entry (a parameter for which searches are particularly fast; see § 2.4.1). For binary flags, the meaning of the bits are given explicitly. Parameters for which there exists a placeholder in the database, but are not yet calculated, are indicated as such with the phrase ``(placeholder)'' in the table.

Many quantities are defined for each band, and thus have five entries. In the Catalog Archive Server (§ 2.3.1) these are indexed with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 inside of square brackets, [], for u,g,r,i,z, respectively. In the skyServer (§ 2.3.3) these are indexed with _u, _g, _r, _i, _z for the filters.

Some parameters are associations to objects in other classes. For example, an object in the class SpecObj (Table ) has a parameter plate, which is an object in the Plate class (Table ). This contains information common to the 640 spectra taken in one set of observations for the plate. The association is indicated in the table in the type column as OneAssoc(Plate). Other associations point to many (rather than one) objects. In SpecObj, for example, the parameter emissionredshift has the type ManyAssoc(EmissionRedshift). It points to a list of redshifts measured. The ``best'' value of the emission and absorption redshift is stored in z of SpecObj, but for complex spectra, you may access the full list of redshifts measured during processing.

2.2.2  Imaging Data Products

Image Parameters

The results of the imaging pipelines (described below in § 4.4) are summarized in Table , and the apertures used for radial profile measurements are in Table . For each object, we measure the position, several varieties of the flux, morphological parameters, and a provisional classification. We also include informational flags on each pixel in the images (Table ) and each object (Table ) and summary flags and statistics for each field (Table ). The choice of flags and which measure of flux and shape to use are dictated by the science goals of the SDSS. The catalog contains over 120 parameters and flags measured for 13,804,448 objects. 10,947,783 of these are unique, well-measured astrophysical objects.

The SDSS object catalogs are matched against the FIRST [Becker, White, & Helfand, 1995], ROSAT [Voges et al., 1999], and USNOA2.0 [Monet, 1998] databases; the resulting parameters are described in Table .

Images

Each corrected frame is a FITS image for one filter, 2048 columns × 1489 rows, with row number increasing in the scan direction. These are the imaging frames with flat field, bias, cosmic ray, and pixel defect corrections applied. A raw image contains 1361 rows, and a corrected frame has the first 128 rows of the following corrected frame appended to it. The pixels subtend 0.396¢¢ square on the sky.

Header information using the World Coordinate System (WCS) [Calabretta & Greisen, 2001] allows standard astronomical FITS tools to convert pixel position to (a,d) (§ 4.2.2).

Binned Images

Each file is a FITS image for one filter, 512 ×372 pixels, with WCS information. These are the corrected frames with detected objects removed and binned 4 ×4 pixels.

Mask Frame

Each file is a binary FITS table for one filter. Each row of the table describes a set of pixels in the corrected frame, using mask values described in Table .

Atlas Image

For each detected object, the atlas image comprises the pixels that were detected as part of the object in any filter. These are provided through a database, as either a JPEG color image, or as a FITS file for each selected filter.

Color Image

We combine the corrected frames from the g, r and i filters and produce a color image with the filters corresponding to blue, green, and red, respectively. The intensity mapping of each color is adjusted to enhance the appearance of these images. We use the same mapping for all of the color images.

2.2.3  Reading SDSS Binary Tables

Most of these files are simple FITS binary tables or images; The exceptions are Atlas Images (fpAtlas), Mask Frames (fpM), and PSF description files (fpField) files. We provide stand-alone code on our web site to enable you to interpret these files and read them into your own code.

2.2.4  Spectroscopic Data Products

Calibrated Spectra

These are the (l, flux) pairs that comprise the spectrum. The spectra are given in vacuum wavelengths in the heliocentric frame, with flux density given in units of 10-17 erg s-1 cm-2 Å-1. An estimated error is also output, as well as a mask associated with each pixel, as described in Table .

Spectroscopic Parameters

Catalogs produced by the spectroscopic pipelines (described below in § 4.10) are summarized in Tables  and . For each spectrum, we measure the redshift using several techniques, locate and characterize lines, and assign an identification. The catalog contains 54,008 spectra, with 46 parameters measured for each spectrum, and 34 parameters measured for each emission line identified in each spectrum.

Images of the Spectra

For convenience, we also provide a plot of each spectrum. These are GIF images of the spectrum, with significant features, our classification, and measured redshift indicated.

2.2.5  Other data products

Table  summarizes parameters that record the number of objects loaded in the database. Table  summarizes data that describe the imaging data. A run, as already described, is all the data from a single contiguous scan of the imaging camera. These are combined into chunks, contiguous areas of the sky from which spectroscopic targets will be selected and spectroscopic tiling (the process by which targets are assigned to spectroscopic plates) will be done. A segment is a single piece of a run for a single camera column. The contiguous stream of data is divided into a series of fields (§ 3.5), whose detailed properties are also given in Table , including astrometric calibrations (§ 4.2), and details of the point-spread-function fitting (§ 4.3). Finally, the details for each spectroscopic plate are also given in Table .

Table  lists constants we use to define the survey.

2.3  Database Servers

We have constructed three database servers to hold the imaging and spectroscopic data for the EDR, as shown in Figure . The Catalog Archive Server contains the measured parameters from all objects in the imaging survey and the spectroscopic survey. These are loaded in a database server we built using Objectivity, a commercial, object-oriented database server [Objectivity Inc., 2001]. The skyServer contains identical information, but it is loaded in a database server we built using a commercial, relational database server, SQLServer [Delaney, 2001]. The Data Archive Server contains the rest of the data products for the EDR, such as the corrected imaging frames, which are available for direct download, and the calibrated spectra, which are loaded in an Objectivity database.

2.3.1  Catalog Archive Server

The Catalog Archive Server is indexed to allow efficient queries on quantities commonly used in astronomical research (position, and magnitudes in our five filters). It also allows algebraic combinations of these quantities to be used in the queries. We have written a unique and powerful database server which allows users to make sophisticated queries efficiently. The general strategy of compiling a large astronomical database is described in Szalay et al. [2001], and our method of dividing the celestial sphere into a hierarchical triangular mesh, which enables efficient access based on position, is described in Kunszt et al. [2000]. The database server software is described in Thakar et al. [2000].

2.3.2  Data Archive Server

Given a set of object coordinates, either from the catalog archive server or some other source, the data archive server makes the detailed data (corrected frames, binned images, mask images, atlas images, color images, spectra, and spectral plots) available. It is not practical to access all of the imaging data in this way, but it does give convenient access to any selected field or spectrum contained in the EDR.

2.3.3  skyServer

The skyServer is a relational database server. Its language is not as rich as that provided by the catalog archive server, but it works well for many queries. This server was originally developed with outreach and education in mind, but it is also very useful for astronomical research.

2.4  User Interfaces

There are three separate user interfaces to the SDSS EDR, as shown in Figure .

We expect that typical users interested in extracting subsets of our imaging catalog based on position, flux, and colors, will find the MAST interface to the skyServer most useful. Sophisticated queries on flags and algebraic combinations of parameters are best done with the SDSS Query Tool (sdssQT). Users who wish to download atlas images, corrected frames, or spectra, should do so with the MAST interface to the data archive server.

2.4.1  SDSS Query Tool (sdssQT)

The sdssQT is a stand-alone application to manage and perform catalog archive server queries, and is available for download from our web sites, along with a detailed user's manual. The discussion that follows is a brief introduction to its use, to illustrate its capabilities. There are options to choose the output format (ASCII or binary), facilities to save queries, a simple text editor to create and modify queries, and communication with the Catalog Archive Server to follow the progress (and predict the time to completion) of active queries. An additional tool converts our binary output format to a FITS binary table.

The query language we developed is very similar to the Structured Query Language (SQL). The sdssQT includes several example queries, and the online user's guide provides additional explanations of the language and how to use it efficiently. The use of associations (§ 2.2.1) provides a powerful way to extract object data from many different classes simultaneously. Similarly, the inheritance properties of classes and their subclasses makes queries written for a given class run on all of its subclasses or sibling classes.

The grammar of this language is to select a set of parameters from a class that satisfy specified conditions. The SDSS Query Tool allows full access to all of the classes and parameters in the Catalog Archive Server. For example, the query:

SELECT ra,dec FROM SpecObj WHERE (z > 2)

returns the parameters ra and dec (right ascension and declination) for all spectroscopic objects (i.e., from the class SpecObj) with redshift greater than 2.

One class must appear in the WHERE clause. One or more of the parameters from the classes may be listed in the SELECT clause and used in the WHERE clause, as long as they are included in the class mentioned in the FROM clause.

The PhotoObj class, containing the detected objects in the images, has the most entries, over 13 million. To facilitate selecting from these entries, we have designated a subset of the most commonly used parameters in the PhotoObj class to be part of a special class called Tag. The final column of Table  indicates which parameters are in the Tag class. The database is structured in such a way that searches that select on these Tag parameters run significantly faster.

Additionally, many of the classes, like Tag, have numerous subclasses (Primary, Secondary, Galaxy, Star), described in the above mentioned tables. These subclasses all inherit the properties of the umbrella class. The same parameters are available in the subclasses as in the umbrella class, but they will be faster to query as each contains only a portion of the total objects. For example, users wanting data only on galaxies can execute queries on the Galaxy class; this avoids having to specify that objType=Galaxy if it were run on the entire Tag class, and will run faster as fewer objects are searched.

To access associated, or linked parameters, we use the ``.'' modifier. For example, spectroscopic objects from the SpecObj class all have a link back to the photometric object in the Tag class. This allows retrieval of parameters from both classes simultaneously. Use the syntax tag.r, for example, to obtain a spectroscopic target's r* magnitude. In Table , the parameter phototag has type OneAssoc(PhotoTag), so the query

SELECT ra,dec,phototag.r FROM SpecObj

returns the position and r* magnitude for all objects with spectra.

Some associations tie many objects in a class to one object of another class. For example, there can be many lines measured in one spectrum. The parameter measured in the SpecObj class has the type ManyAssoc(SpecLine). The following Association Query returns parameters for all of the lines of the selected spectrum:

SELECT name.name,wave,ew FROM
(SELECT measured FROM SpecObj WHERE
	plate.plateID == 384 && fiberID == 284)

The online user's guide to the SDSS Query tool contains a detailed description of the language, examples to help construct advanced queries, and details about macros to perform logical and arithmetic operations within queries.

2.4.2  MAST SDSS skyServer Interface

This provides a familiar interface to the object catalog, as it is based on the MAST interface6 which also serves catalogs from NASA missions and other surveys: GSC, DSS, and VLA-FIRST. This is the interface most will prefer for straight-forward queries based on (a,d). Objects that satisfy the query can be used one of several ways. The list may also be written to a comma-delimited text file, to be read by external programs, such as Microsoft Excel. The list may be written as a FITS binary table. Finally, the list may be browsed as an HTML table, where specific objects and data products (e.g. the corrected frame for the object, or the spectra for those objects with spectra) are then selected for use by the Data Archive Server.

2.4.3  MAST SDSS Data Archive Server Interface

The SDSS Image Products interface accepts a list of objects specified in one of the following formats: run/rerun/camcol/fieldID/objectID (see § 4.4.1), long object ID (from the skyServer or Catalog Archive Server), ra/dec, NED, or SIMBAD target names. Files generated by the sdssQT may be uploaded directly. All imaging products (atlas images, corrected frames, reconstructed frames, binned images, fields summaries, and mask files) are available. All of the files for a request are bundled together in a .tar, .tar.gz, or .zip file.

An object list from the MAST skyServer Interface can be sent to the data product interfaces via a ``shopping cart.'' To demonstrate this access, we begin in the MAST SDSS skyServer Interface. Select galaxies within 10 arcmin of (a,d)=(0,0) and 16 < r* < 17 by entering the coordinates in the RA,DEC boxes, 10.0 in the Radius(arcmin) box, highlighting GALAXY from the Object Type list, and by entering 16..17 in the Magnitude box for r. Three objects are returned. Choosing the ``Browse Results as HTML'' button brings up a list of these objects. Select the three objects by using the button in the Mark column, select Add marked records to shopping cart, and then select Retrieve data products for shopping cart. The data products may then be downloaded.

2.5  Access to Files

Data products are also available directly from the data archive server. Sophisticated users may want to download some of these files directly, but we consider these files to be intermediate data products, and focus our support and documentation efforts on the database servers and interfaces we described above. The data model, which describes the file naming conventions and FITS headers, is available on our web site.

2.5.1  Imaging Files

Image data are available from the main Data Archive Server page. Data for individual runs are in subdirectories specified by $run/$rerun, where valid $run/$rerun combinations for the EDR are 94/7,125/7, 752/8, 756/8, 1336/2, 1339/2, 1356/2, and 1359/3. Corrected frames are accessed under this root URL via

corr/$camCol/fpC-$run-$rerun-$filter$camCol-$field.fit.gz,

where $camCol is the camera column (1 through 6), $run is the run number (6 digits with leading zeroes), $filter is the filter name (u, g, r, i, z), and $field is the field number (4 digits with leading zeroes). Binned images are accessed in a similar fashion, via
objcs/$camCol/fpBIN-$run-$filter$camCol-$field.fit.gz,

as are the Mask images, via
 
objcs/$camCol/fpM-$run-$filter$camCol-$field.fit

The fpAtlas files in that same directory contain all of the atlas images for each field, but it is generally more convenient to access them with the Data Archive Server.

The catalogs of detected objects for each field are accessed via

objcs/$camCol/fpObjc-$run-$camCol-$field.fit

but these files do not yet include photometric or astrometric calibration.

Summary information for each field processed is accessed via

objcs/$camCol/fpFieldStat-$run-$camCol-$field.fit

and results of the psp pipeline, which characterizes the point spread function for a field (§ 4.3), are accessed via
objcs/$camCol/fpField-$run-$camCol-$field.fit

2.5.2  Spectroscopy Files

Spectroscopy files are available from the main Data Archive Server page. Data for individual plates are in subdirectories specified by $plate/$mjd, where valid $plate/$mjd combinations are in Table .

Calibrated spectra which have been extracted from the spectroscopic frames with the spectro2d pipeline (§ 4.10.1) are available under the root URL via

2d_10/$plate/2dmerge/spMerge2d-$mjd-$plate-$fiber.fit,

where $plate is the plate number (four digits, zero padded), $mjd is the date observations were completed (Table ), and $fiber is the fiber number (three digits, zero padded).

Calibrated spectra, with information from the spectro1d pipeline (§ 4.10.2), such as redshift and identification, are available under this root URL via

1d_10/$plate/1d/spSpec-$mjd-$plate-$fiber.fit.

2.6  User Support

We provide help for users at several levels. This paper is a general introduction to the data products. Our web sites have additional documentation. We maintain a set of frequently asked questions with answers to help people become more familiar with how to use the data set. There are also two mailing lists which we encourage users to join. The first is a SDSS Early Data Release Users' Group which we will use to communicate periodically with users. The second is the SDSS Early Data Release Users' Forum, where we encourage all users to post questions and suggestions. We will monitor this mailing list and post answers, or pointers to online documentation, as appropriate. We also support a help desk, which is accessible via email and telephone, as detailed on our web sites.

2.7  Acknowledging SDSS Data

Access to the SDSS EDR is open. These data may be used for any astronomical research. Data from the SDSS public archive may not be used for any commercial publication or other commercial purpose except with explicit approval by the Astrophysical Research Consortium.

Non-commercial and technical publications based on the SDSS EDR should contain the following acknowledgement:

``Funding for the creation and distribution of the SDSS Archive has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, and the Max Planck Society. The SDSS Web site is http://www.sdss.org/.

The Participating Institutions are The University of Chicago, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Participation Group, The Johns Hopkins University, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics (MPA), New Mexico State University, Princeton University, the United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington.''

3  Hardware

3.1  2.5m Telescope and Instruments

The telescope and its somewhat unusual optical design [Waddell et al., 1998] are described in detail in York et al. [2000] and the SDSS Project Book, available on the web7. The camera and the pair of double spectrographs are discussed there as well; see also Gunn et al. [1998]. We review here only details which are of direct relevance to working with the data.

3.2  Imaging System

The parameters of direct relevance to the imaging system of the SDSS are presented in Table . Since York et al. [2000] was published, we have learned a great deal about our filter and detector system, and a preliminary discussion of these matters is given below, as are some details concerning the geometry of the great-circle Time Delay Integration (TDI, or Drift Scan) stripes which cover the survey area.

3.2.1  Filters

The situation with the SDSS response functions for the five filter passbands, and the resulting photometric system, is rather complex. There is a set of primary standard stars which have been measured at the U. S. Naval Observatory 40¢¢ telescope and with the SDSS Photometric Telescope (§ 3.4) which together define a photometric system which we believe to be self-consistent to approximately 1%; this system is roughly as described in Fukugita et al. [1996]. These primary standards are described further in § 4.5 below. Unfortunately, the filters used on the USNO and PT telescopes differ systematically from those on the 2.5m camera, and we still do not have a complete understanding of the transformations between these two systems8. Thus the photometric system defined by the USNO and PT telescopes is not directly applicable to the 2.5m data, as described in detail in § 4.5. Figure 3.2.1 gives the average measured quantum efficiencies of the 2.5m camera detectors multiplied by the reflectivity of the primary and secondary (the two transmissive surfaces have negligible effect on the throughput); curves are given both assuming no atmosphere, and including the transmission of the atmosphere above Apache Point on a night of average humidity at airmass 1.3. Tables containing the system response in each filter are available on our web sites. The thinned CCDs also suffer from internal scattering that scatters light longward of roughly 6000Å into an extended halo around an object; this decreases the effective quantum efficiency for a point source. For extended sources (size > 30¢¢), this effect is negligible, and the dashed curves indicate the quantum efficiency in this case in the r and i filters. The z chip is thick, and does not suffer from this problem.

filter.gif

Figure 4: Preliminary 2.5-m telescope filter responses, in u, g, r,i, and z. The upper curve in each case is the filter reponse including the quantum efficiency of the CCD and the reflectivity of the primary and secondary, ignoring the atmosphere, and the lower curve assumes an airmass of 1.3. Scattering within the thin chips affects the r and i band; this has no effect on extended objects, and the corresponding response curve is given by the dashed line in these two cases.

The camera responses were measured by an instrument with a roughly triangular wavelength response with FWHM about 100Å; this resolution has not been corrected for in these data but does not appreciably alter the shapes. Better and more detailed response data will be obtained and published later, but the results here are adequate for most purposes.

Table  gives corresponding properties of the filters, updating those tabulated in Fukugita et al. [1996] and Fan et al. [2001a]: the effective wavelength of each filter leff, the photon-weighted mean of the quantity ln2(l/leff) (a measure of the effective width of the filter), the Full Width at Half Maximum of the filter, and Q, the integral of the system efficiency over d(lnl), effective quantum efficiency (all assuming 1.3 airmass, and observing a point source). This last quantity relates the measured apparent magnitude (on an AB system) to the number of detected electrons:
# e- = 1.96 ×1011 t ×Q ×10-0.4 m,
(1)
where t is the exposure time in seconds.

As pointed out in § 1, we refer to data on the standards system with the magnitude labels (u¢g¢r¢i¢z¢) and the provisional 2.5-meter magnitudes with the labels (u* g* r* i* z*). The SDSS photometry itself is presented in the provisional 2.5-meter system. Finally, the 2.5-meter filters themselves are referred to in this paper simply as u, g, r,i, and z, a change from some of our earlier papers.

3.2.2  Great Circle Drift Scanning

The survey coordinate system (l,h) is a spherical coordinate system with poles at a2000 = 95\arcdeg, d2000 = 0\arcdeg and a2000 = 275\arcdeg, d2000 = 0\arcdeg. The survey equator is thus a great circle perpendicular to the J2000 celestial equator, intersecting it at a2000 = 185\arcdeg and a2000 = 5\arcdeg. Lines of constant h are great circles perpendicular to the survey equator and lines of constant l are small circles parallel to the survey equator. l = 0\arcdeg, h = 0\arcdeg is located at a2000 = 185\arcdeg, d2000 = 32.5\arcdeg, with h increasing northward.

The survey area is divided into stripes, where each stripe is centered along a line of constant h, separated from the adjoining stripe(s) by 2.5 \arcdeg. Each drift scan tracks a survey stripe, offset by ±386 arcsec perpendicular to the stripe. Two scans (or ``strips''), one offset to the north and one to the south, are required to fill a stripe. The survey latitude tracked by stripe n is given by
h = (n-10) ×2.5\arcdeg - 32.5\arcdeg
(2)
in the Northern Galactic Hemisphere, and
h = (n-82) ×2.5\arcdeg - 32.5\arcdeg
(3)
for the three stripes in the Southern Galactic hemisphere. These stripes are superimposed on a Galactic extinction map in Figure 2 of York et al. [2000].

The natural coordinate system to use for processing a given drift scan is the great circle coordinate system for that stripe, (m,n), in which the equator of the coordinate system is the great circle tracked by the scan. This great circle is inclined by i = h+ 32.5 \arcdeg to the J2000 celestial equator, with an ascending node of 95 \arcdeg. m = a at the ascending node. m increases in the scan direction (east) and n increases to the north. Each stripe has its own great circle coordinate system.

For reference, the equations to transform among the different coordinate systems are:


cos(a-95\arcdeg)cosd
= -sinl
= cos(m-95\arcdeg)cosn
sin(a-95\arcdeg)cosd
= coslcos(h+32.5\arcdeg)
= sin(m-95\arcdeg)cosncosi - sinnsini
sind
= coslsin(h+32.5\arcdeg)
= sinncosi + sin(m-95\arcdeg)cosnsini     .
(4)

3.3  Spectroscopic System

We produce 640 individual spectra in a three degree diameter field at a resolution R º l/Dl of about 1800 in the wavelength range of 3800 to 9200 Å. This wavelength range is divided between two cameras by a dichroic at about 6150 Å, and there are two spectrographs, each producing 320 spectra. There are thus 4 CCD detectors, each of the same kind as are present in the g, r, and i bands in the camera, 2048 pixels square with 24 micron pixels. The spectroscopic system is discussed in York et al. [2000]. Results from commissioning the system are discussed in Castander et al. [2001].

The fibers carrying the light from the drilled plug-plates to the spectrographs subtend about 3 arcseconds in the focal plane, and are imaged in turn in the spectrograph cameras with a footprint of about 3 pixels. The straight-through transmissive immersion grisms produce a dispersion which is roughly linear in log wavelength. The spectrographs are very efficient; quantum efficiencies on the sky as measured from standard stars as a function of wavelength for each of the four spectrographic CCDs are presented in Figure 3.3. They peak at over 25% in the red, and just under 20% in the blue.

spectput.gif

Figure 5: Quantum efficiency of atmosphere/telescope/fiber/spectrograph combination for each of the four spectroscopic chips, as measured from F stars with calibrated photometry.

The nominal exposure time for each plate is 45 minutes, split into at least three parts for cosmic ray rejection, with the exact number determined by observing conditions. This set of science exposures is preceded and followed by a series of shorter exposures for calibration: arcs, flat-fields, and a 4-minute smear exposure on the sky for spectrophotometric calibration, in which the telescope is moved so that the 3 arcsec fiber on each object effectively covers a 5¢¢×8¢¢ aperture, aligned with the parallactic angle. The smear exposures allow us to account for object light excluded from the 3 arcsec fibers due to seeing and atmospheric refraction; they provide an accurate (albeit low signal-to-noise ratio; S/N) measure of the true spectral shape of the objects and are used for spectrophotometric calibration9. The calibration and science exposures are immediately processed through a streamlined version of the 2d spectroscopic pipeline (§ 4.10) to inform the observers whether the calibrations were successful and to provide S/N diagnostics on the science exposures.

For each science exposure, the (S/N)2 per pixel through the SDSS imaging passbands is measured and evaluated as a function of fiber magnitude for each spectrograph camera. We take repeated 15-minute exposures until the cumulative median (S/N)2 > 15 at g*=20.2 and i*=19.9 in all 4 cameras. In clear, non-moony conditions, the (S/N)2 threshold is easily reached in 3 exposures, and we never take fewer than three exposures; in (partially) cloudy or moony conditions, more exposures may be required.

3.4  Photometric Telescope

We use a 20-inch Photometric Telescope, located next to the 2.5-meter telescope's enclosure, to measure nightly extinctions and to observe transfer fields (secondary patches) that in turn are used to calibrate the 2.5-meter imaging data. Details of the full photometric calibration process can be found in § 4.5. This telescope is a commercial reflector built by DFM Engineering (Longmont, Colorado), modified to incorporate improved baffling and a coma corrector to increase its field of view. It is equipped with a thinned SITe 2048×2048 chip with 24 micron square pixels like the u chips in the 2.5m camera, and a set of filters nominally the same as those in the camera. Please refer to § 3.2.1.

The telescope operates automatically, observing primary standard stars and secondary patch transfer fields selected from an on-line database. Observing staff can monitor progress with real-time tools that display cloud cover, extinction coefficients, and observing progress [Hogg et al., 2001].

3.5  Data Acquisition

The data acquisition system [Petravick et al., 1994] records information from the imaging camera, spectrographs, and photometric telescope. Data are transferred via magnetic tape, with critical, low-volume samples sent over the internet. Each system uses report files to track the observations.

Data from the imaging camera are collected in the Time Delay Integration (TDI, or Drift Scan) mode. We treat the data from each imaging camera column of 5 photometric and 2 astrometric CCDs as a scan line. For convenience, data from each CCD are broken into frames containing 1361 lines. Before processing, the 128 rows from the next frame are added to the top of each frame, so that the pipelines work on 2048×1489 images. The resulting overlap between reduced frames (128 rows) is roughly the same as the number of columns that overlap with the other strip of a stripe. Some objects are detected in more than one frame, but when loading the databases we mark one of these detections as the ``primary'' detection (see the discussion in § 4.7 below). The frames which correspond to the same sky location in each of the five filters are grouped together for processing as a field. Frames from the astrometric CCDs are not saved, but rather stars from them are detected and measured in real time to provide feedback on telescope tracking and focus. These measurements are also written to magnetic tape. This same analysis is done for the photometric CCDs, and we save these results along with the actual frames. Each night, a special bias run is taken to monitor the bias levels on CCD amplifiers.

Data from the spectrographs are read from the four CCDs (one red channel and one blue channel in each of the two spectrographs) after each exposure. A complete set of exposures includes bias, flat, arc, smear, and science exposures taken through the fibers, as well as a uniformly illuminated flat to take out pixel-to-pixel variations.

Data from the photometric telescope include bias frames, dome and twilight flats for each filter, measurements of primary standards in each filter, and measurements of our secondary calibration patches in each filter.

All of these systems are supported by a common set of observers programs, with observer interfaces customized for each system to optimize our observing efficiency.

4  Software

4.1  Data Processing Factory

Data from APO are transferred to Fermilab for processing and calibration. Three flavors of data are produced at APO: data from the imaging camera, data from the Photometric Telescope, and spectra from the spectrographs. Imaging data are processed with the imaging pipelines: the astrometric pipeline (astrom; § 4.2) performs the astrometric calibration; the postage stamp pipeline (psp; § 4.3) characterizes the behavior of the point spread function as a function of time and location in the focal plane; the frames pipeline (frames; § 4.4) finds, deblends, and measures the properties of objects; and the final calibration pipeline (nfcalib; § 4.5.3) applies the photometric calibration to the objects. This calibration uses the results of the photometric telescope data processed with the monitor telescope pipeline (mtpipe; § 4.5.2). The combination of the psp and frames pipelines is sometimes referred to as photo.

Individual imaging runs which interleave are prepared for spectroscopy with the following steps: resolve (§ 4.7) selects a primary detection for objects which fall in an overlap area; the target selection pipeline (target; § 4.8) selects objects for spectroscopic observation; and the plate pipeline (plate; § 4.9) specifies the locations of the plates on the sky, and the location of holes to be drilled in each plate.

Spectroscopic data are first extracted and calibrated with the 2d pipeline (spectro2d; § 4.10.1), and then classified and measured with the 1d pipeline (spectro1d; § 4.10.2).

The EDR was prepared using the versions of pipelines indicated in Table . The data for the EDR were reduced with a consistent set of pipeline versions, with only minor version changes to address operational issues.

We continue to develop these pipelines, and in what follows, we describe known problems and future developments where relevant. We also continue to improve photometric calibration techniques (§ 4.5).

4.2  Astrometric Pipeline

A separate great circle coordinate system is defined for each stripe (§ 3.2.2). In these systems, the stripe center is the equivalent of the equator in the equatorial (a,d) system. Pixel coordinates are corrected for empirically derived optical distortion terms, and the resulting mapping from corrected CCD row and column pixel positions to great circle longitude and latitude is linear to very good approximation. Astrometric solutions are carried out in this coordinate system. One of two reduction strategies is employed depending upon the coverage of astrometric catalogs:

For each r frame, these mappings result in an affine transformation relating corrected pixel positions to celestial coordinates. A secondary catalog is produced from the detections on the r CCDs. This secondary catalog is then matched to centroid positions on the i, u, z, and g CCDs to derive affine transformations in those filters. The transformation also includes terms to correct for differential chromatic refraction and those terms are applied when the colors of objects are known (Table ). Positions of detected objects given in this EDR have had this correction applied.

4.2.1  Astrometric Quality

The relative astrometry between the r and the i, u, z, and g CCDs is independent of the astrometric catalog used, and typically has rms errors of 20 to 30 mas per coordinate, and systematic errors of order 20 mas. The quality of the absolute astrometry (based on the r astrometric solutions and centroids) is dependent on the astrometric catalog used, and is dominated by systematic errors which vary on timescales of minutes. Within a given run, the distribution of systematic errors is well characterized by a Gaussian. Reductions against UCAC have rms systematic errors of order 50 mas per coordinate. Reductions against Tycho-2 have rms systematic errors of order 100 mas, and show additional systematic errors constant over entire scans of up to 50 mas. Centroiding errors contribute an additional random source of error, of order 20 mas, for objects brighter than r* = 20. Comparison with the astrometry of the Two-Micron All Sky Survey for stars in common shows systematic offsets under 50 mas, well within our quoted errors and the expected systematic astrometric calibration effects quoted by the 2MASS team.

Atmospheric conditions contribute significantly to image wander. These affect the Tycho-2 reductions more than the UCAC reductions due to the shorter integration times on the astrometric CCDs. We attempt to follow this wander by fitting the residuals with cubic splines. Figure 4.2.1 shows the astrometric residuals as a function of frame number for a typical run. The spline-fitted solution is superposed on the points showing the residuals. The top plot shows m residuals (along the direction of the scan), and the bottom plot shows n residuals (the cross-scan direction). Approximately 100 frames per hour are obtained, so the figure shows roughly half an hour of scanning. Note that the residuals wander several tenths of an arcsecond over time scales of minutes. The frequency and amplitude of these wanderings vary from night to night (and, occasionally, hour to hour).

asSpline-001356-73-13.gif

Figure 6: Typical astrometric residuals, comparing positions between the astrometric and photometric chips for objects in common. The line going through the points is a spline fit to these residuals, attempting to remove atmospheric fluctuations.

4.2.2  WCS

The bias-subtracted, flatfielded data frames in the EDR include World Coordinate System (WCS) information in the FITS file headers. This information enables some display and analysis software to provide RA and DEC information on a pixel by pixel basis and also to overlay an equatorial coordinate grid over the image.

Present WCS proposed standards [Calabretta & Greisen, 2001] do not fully support a rigorous transformation from great circle to equatorial coordinates. As a result, the WCS representation does not reflect the full accuracy of the astrometric solution, but the accuracy is better than one pixel (about 0.4¢¢) within a frame.

The conversion from (row,col) measured in a field to (a,d)(J2000 degrees) is
a(degrees)
=
CRVAL2 + (DCOL ×CD2_1 + DROW ×CD2_2)/cos(CRVAL1)
(5)
d(degrees)
=
CRVAL1 + DCOL ×CD1_1 + DROW ×CD1_2
(6)
where DCOL = col - CRPIX1 and DROW = row -CRPIX2, and CRVAL1, CRVAL2, CRPIX1, CRPIX2, CD1_1, CD1_2, CD2_2, and CD2_1 are parameters defined in the FITS header for each field.

4.3  The Postage Stamp Pipeline

As mentioned above, the data stream from each CCD is divided into an overlapping series of 10¢×13.5¢ frames, for ease of processing; the frames pipeline (§ 4.4) will process these separately. However, in order to ensure continuity along the data stream, certain quantities need to be determined on timescales up to the length of the imaging run. The astrometric and photometric calibrations certainly fall into that category; in addition, the Postage Stamp Pipeline (psp) calculates a global sky for a field, flatfield vector, bias level, and the point-spread function (PSF).

Even in the absence of atmospheric inhomogeneities, the SDSS telescope delivers images whose FWHMs vary by up to 15% from one side of a CCD to the other; the worst effects are seen in the chips furthest from the optical axis. Moreover, since the atmospheric seeing varies with time, the delivered image quality is a complex two-dimensional function even on the scale of a single frame. An example of the instantaneous image quality across the imaging camera is shown in Figure 4.3, where each rectangle represents one chip10.

PSFmosaic-000752-0227.gif

Figure 7: The width of the PSF is a strong function of position in the imaging camera, even on the scale of a single CCD. Each square represents one of the photometric CCDs. The colors indicate the PSF width across the camera at a single moment of relatively poor seeing; the variations are due to time variability during the 55 second integration, plus effects in the telescope optics. The stretch is linear, from 1.4 to 2 arcsec.

The description of the point spread function (PSF) is critical for accurate PSF photometry, for star/galaxy separation, and for unbiased measures of the shapes of non-stellar objects; we need to map the full variation of the PSF even on scales of a single frame. The SDSS imaging PSF is modeled heuristically in each band using a Karhunen-Loève (KL) transform [Lupton et al., 2001c]. In particular, using stars brighter than roughly 20th magnitude, we expand the PSF from a series of five frames into eigen-images, and keep the first three terms. We fit the variation of the coefficients multiplying these terms to second order in position across the chip, using data from the frame in question, plus the immediately preceding and following half-frames.

The success of this KL expansion is gauged by comparing PSF photometry based on the modeled KL PSFs to large aperture photometry for the same (bright) stars. The width of the distribution of these differences is typically 1% or less, which is thus an upper limit on the accuracy of the PSF photometry (not including calibration problems; see § 4.5). Without accounting for the spatial variation of the PSF across the image, the photometric errors would be as high as 15%. We have recently found a subtle dependence of the PSF width on stellar color in the g band; this affects PSF photometry at the < 2% level, and will be addressed in future data releases.

Parameters that characterize one frame of imaging data are stored in the class Field (Table ). The status parameter flag for each frame indicates the success of the KL decomposition; its possible values are given in Table . In particular, if the data do not support the fitting of a second-order term to the variation of the coefficients with position, a linear fit is carried out, and status is set to 1. If even this is not warranted by the data, the coefficients are set to be constants, and the status flag is set to 2. Finally, if no PSF stars are available at all, the PSF model is set to that of the previous frame, and status = 3. A more quantitative measure of the accuracy of the PSF fit on a given frame is given by the scatter in the difference between PSF magnitudes and aperture magnitudes, as reported in psfApCorrectionErr. Note that the actual KL values and the eigenshapes are not reported in the tables, so the shape of the PSF as a function of position within a CCD cannot be reconstructed based on the parameters included in this EDR.

The psp returns various measures of the PSF shape in addition to the KL decomposition, including parameters of the best-fit double-Gaussian, evaluated at the center of each frame. These are the psf2GSigma parameters in the Field class. The psfWidth is is the effective width also determined at the center of each frame. It is a good generic number to quote for the seeing on each frame. Figure 4.3 shows the psfWidth in r for each CCD column in each run of the EDR imaging data. Improvements in telescope collimation and thermal environment since these data were taken have given rise to substantially better seeing.

fig_Seeing_v2.gif

Figure 8: The seeing (psfWidth) measured in the r filter in each of the imaging runs in the six camera columns, as a function of field number (lower axis) and a (upper axis). A symbol for each field along the bottom indicates the quality of each field: Acceptable, Good, or Hole. Vertical marks indicate the location of MT secondary patches used for photometric calibration.

riuzg.gif

Figure 9: Zeropoint deviations as a function of 2.5m CCD column. This plot contains data from comparisons of 22,972 stars from runs 752 and 756 between the PT and 2.5m telescopes and shows the 2.5m magnitude - PT magnitude (which is equal to the zeropoint determined from each star). Scattered light creates deviations as great as 10% in the u band in columns 1 and 6.

The psp calculates a PSF aperture correction for each field. We did not fully test this correction and did not properly apply it to the EDR. The quantity apCorrRunErr is the median value of the difference between psfMag and the aperture magnitude measured with a 7.43\arcsec radius aperture over the bright stars in the frame, and is a measure of the limitations of our KL decomposition of the PSF. This quantity is Gaussian-distributed with sapprox. 0.03 mag, but apCorrRunErr can be as large as 0.1 mag in regions that the PSF is changing rapidly (FWHM changing by > 10% on a single frame); adding it directly to the psfMag in the EDR improves the overall PSF photometry accordingly. This correction will be applied to the data correctly in future data releases of the SDSS data. apCorrRunErr is shown for each run in Figure 4.3, and we provide a table of these corrections on our web site.

fig_acre_v2.gif

Figure 10: The aperture magnitude correction (apCorrRunErr) for the five filters, in each of the imaging runs in the six camera columns, as a function of field number (lower axis) and a (upper axis). Vertical marks indicate the location of MT secondary patches used for photometric calibration.

4.4  The Frames Pipeline

The frames pipeline (frames) detects, deblends, and measures objects, carrying out this processing on a field-by-field basis. This section describes what one needs to know to interpret the quantities we calculate in frames, rather than the technical details, which will be covered in Lupton et al. [2001b]. These quantities are stored in the PhotoObj and Profile classes (Table ). Mask bits set in objFlags of PhotoObj are for the object detections for all bands combined. Mask bits set in flags of PhotoObj are for the detection in each band. The mask bit values are given in Table . We refer to these classes and masks throughout this section. Further products of the imaging pipelines are given in § 2.2.

4.4.1  How frames Designates Objects

Each object detected during the frames analysis of a particular set of data is given a unique identifier which consists of five integers:

Several different versions of the pipelines were run on the imaging data for the EDR (Table  ). The rerun number for each run distinguishes a set of pipeline versions. Two rerun numbers are important for the EDR. The first rerun was used to select targets for spectroscopic observation. The second rerun used the most recent versions of the pipelines, and the results of this processing are distributed. Between reruns of frames, the run, camCol and  fieldID of detected objects do not change, because frames acts on individual frames. However, the objID does change. Future data releases will most likely be made with yet another rerun which uses the most current version of our pipelines and calibrations.

In addition, data quality flags are set for each field, after we evaluate the processing from an entire run. These are discussed below in section 4.6.

4.4.2  Outline of frames

The pipeline analyzes the data one field (§ 3.5) at a time. Because information about each object is contained in five separate frames, one for each filter, the five frames for each field are processed together.

Each frame has instrumental signatures (flat field, bias, cosmic rays, and bad columns) removed, and the global sky value from the psp subtracted. The CCDs are known to be non-linear by of order 2% near saturation; this is not corrected for in the current version of the pipeline. Cosmic rays are found as objects with gradients between adjacent pixels substantially steeper than allowed by the PSF and are interpolated over. Note that our images are marginally well-sampled in 1¢¢ seeing. Previously recognized bad columns are interpolated over using linear prediction (e.g., Rybicki & Press 1992), as are bleed trails from saturated stars.

Objects containing a (found and interpolated-over) cosmic ray are flagged by having the mask bit CR set in flags for that band; objects with any interpolated pixels in them at all (due to bad columns or bleed trails) are flagged by having INTERP set. INTERP_CENTER indicates that a pixel was interpolated over within 3 pixels of the center of the object, and PSF_FLUX_INTERP indicates that at least 20% of the PSF flux is interpolated; in rare cases, photometry of objects with these latter two flags set might be suspect.

Next, objects in the frame are detected and their properties measured in a four step process in each band. First, an object finder is run to detect bright objects. In each band, the object-finder detects pixels which are more than 200s (corresponding roughly to r* = 17.5) above the sky noise; only a single pixel need be over this threshold for an object to be detected at this stage. These objects are flagged as BRIGHT. The extended power-law wings of BRIGHT objects which are saturated are subtracted from the frame. Such stars are marked SUBTRACTED. Then, the sky level is estimated by median-smoothing the frame image on a scale of approximately 100 arcsec; the resulting ``local'' sky image is subtracted from the frame (remember that a global sky determined on an entire frame has already been subtracted). This sky level is stored for each object for each band in the parameter sky (and an associated uncertainty skyErr), in units of asinh magnitudes (§ 4.4.5) per square arcsec. For children of blends (§ 4.4.3), the sky parameter includes the contribution of its siblings.

Third, we find objects by smoothing the image with a Gaussian fit to the PSF, and look for 5s peaks over the (smoothed) sky in each band. After objects are detected, they are ``grown'' more-or-less isotropically by an amount approximately equal to the radius of the seeing disk. We then define an object to be a connected set of pixels which are detected in at least one band. Note that all pixels in the object are subsequently used in the analysis in every band, whether or not they were originally detected in that band. The photometric pipeline never reports an upper limit for the detection of an object, but rather carries out a proper measurement, with its error, for each of the varieties of fluxes listed in § 4.4.5.

Objects detected in a given band at this stage are flagged by setting the mask bit BINNED1 (Table  ) in flags of the PhotoObj class in that band. All pixel values in these BINNED1 objects are then replaced by the background level (with sky noise added in), the frame is rebinned into a 2×2 image, and the object-finder is run again. The resulting sample is flagged in a similar way with the BINNED2 mask, and pixel values in these objects are replaced with the background level. Finally, we rebin the original pixel data at 4×4, and objects found at this stage are flagged BINNED4. The set of detected objects then consists of all objects with pixels flagged BINNED1, BINNED2, or BINNED4.

Fourth, the pipeline measures the properties of each object, including the position, as well as several measures of flux and shape, described more fully below. It attempts to determine whether each object actually consists of more than one object projected on the sky, and if so, to deblend such a ``parent'' object into its constituent ``children'', self-consistently across the bands (thus all children have measurements in all bands). Then it again measures the properties of these individual children. Bright objects are measured twice: once with a global sky, and no deblending run; this detection is flagged BRIGHT, and a second time with a local sky. For most purposes, only the latter is useful, and thus one should reject all objects flagged BRIGHT in compiling a sample of objects for study.

Other flag bits listed in Table  that are useful at this stage are:

Finally, the pipeline outputs the measured quantities for each object, including all of the BRIGHT objects, all the parents, and all the children. In the following sections, we discuss how to interpret these outputs.

A typical frame at high Galactic latitudes contains of order 1000 objects, including of order 5 objects chosen deliberately in regions where no objects are detected; these are used to place sky fibers for spectroscopy, and are classified as Sky. Repeat observations of a given area of sky in roughly 1.5¢¢ seeing shows that our 95% completeness limit for stars is u*=22.0, g*=22.2, r*=22.2, i* = 21.3, and z* = 20.5; the completeness drops to zero over roughly half a magnitude. These numbers are somewhat worse than quoted in the SDSS Project Book [York et al., 2000], as that calculation assumed 1¢¢ seeing and slightly broader filters.

4.4.3  Deblending of Objects

Once objects are detected, they are deblended by identifying individual peaks within each object, merging the list of peaks across bands, and adaptively determining the profile of images associated with each peak, which sum to form the original image in each band. The originally detected object is referred to as the ``parent'' object and has the flag BLENDED set if multiple peaks are detected; the final set of sub-images of which the parent consists are referred to as the ``children'' and have the flag CHILD set. Note that all quantities in class PhotoObj (Table ) are measured for both parent and child. For each child, parent gives the id of the parent (for parents themselves or isolated objects, this is set to the id of the BRIGHT counterpart if that exists; otherwise it is set to -1); for each parent, nchild gives the number of children an object has. Children are assigned the id numbers immediately after the id number of the parent. Thus, if object with id 23 is set as BLENDED and has nchild equal to 2, objects 24 and 25 will be set as CHILD and have parent equal to 23.

The list of peaks in the parent is trimmed to combine peaks (from different bands) that are too close to each other (if this happens, the flag PEAKS_TOO_CLOSE is set in the parent). If there are more than 25 peaks, only the most significant are kept, and the flag DEBLEND_TOO_MANY_PEAKS is set in the parent.

In a number of situations, the deblender decides not to process a BLENDED object; in this case the object is flagged as NODEBLEND. Most objects with EDGE set are not deblended. The exceptions are when the object is big enough (larger than roughly an arcminute) that it will most likely not be completely included in the adjacent scanline either; in this case, DEBLENDED_AT_EDGE is set, and the deblender gives it its best shot. When an object is larger than half a frame, the deblender also gives up, and the object is flagged as TOO_LARGE. Other intricacies of the deblending results are recorded in flags listed in Table ; see Lupton et al. [2001b] for a complete description.

On average, about 15-20% of all detected objects are blended, and many of these are superpositions of galaxies which the deblender successfully treats by separating the images of the nearby objects. Thus, usually it is the childless (not BLENDED) objects which are of most interest for science applications. However, the versions of the pipelines used for the EDR occasionally deblends complex galaxies with large angular size, such as nearby face-on spiral galaxies, in a way which the human eye would tend not to. Thus, some care is required in the analysis of samples of bright and/or large objects in the survey. Later versions of the deblender handle these cases much more gracefully, and future data releases will incorporate these improvements.

4.4.4  Moving Objects

Main-belt asteroids have a proper motion of several arcsec in the roughly 5 minutes it takes for an object to cross the imaging camera. This means that they will have a different centroid in the different photometric bands. If not taken into account, this could mean that they would be deblended into separate objects of unusual color, playing havoc with the target selection algorithms (§ 4.8). Thus the deblender checks every object for consistency with uniform proper motion between the filters. In the PhotoObj class (Table ) the quantities colv and rowv (and their associated errors), give the resulting proper motion (along the columns and rows of the CCDs respectively) in units of degrees per day. The PSF photometry in each band is done on the object center, taking the motion into account, and therefore is properly measured [Ivezi\'c et al., 2001].

Flag bit values listed in Table  describe this processing. The MOVED flag indicates that the deblender considered whether to deblend the object as moving; it is not very useful. If the deblender actually deblended the object as moving, the flag DEBLENDED_AS_MOVING is set; otherwise the flag NODEBLEND_MOVING is set. Note that an object can have a statistically significant motion without being deblended as such if the motion is small enough that the photometry would be fine without taking it into account. An object whose motion is not statistically significant is flagged STATIONARY, while an object whose motion is inconsistent with a straight line is flagged BAD_MOVING_FIT.

4.4.5  Measurements of Flux

We have discussed how frames detects, deblends, and designates objects. This section and the next discuss the measurements applied to each resulting object. Each of the quantities described here has an associated estimated error measured as well, unless otherwise mentioned. In this subsection, we discuss the various measurements made of the flux in each object.

We begin by describing the magnitude scale which the SDSS uses. Unless otherwise specified (the most important exceptions being petroMag and modelMag, to get self-consistent colors), the measures discussed here are applied independently in each band pass. Magnitudes within the SDSS are expressed as inverse hyperbolic sine (or ``asinh'') magnitudes, described in detail by Lupton, Gunn, & Szalay (1999). The transformation from linear flux measurements to asinh magnitudes is designed to be virtually identical to the standard astronomical magnitude [Pogson, 1856] at high signal-to-noise ratio, but to behave reasonably at low signal-to-noise ratio and even at negative values of flux, where the logarithm in the Pogson magnitude fails. This allows us to measure a flux even in the absence of a formal detection; we quote no upper limits in our photometry.

The asinh magnitudes are characterized by a softening parameter b, the typical 1 s noise of the sky in a PSF aperture in 1'' seeing. The relation between detected flux f and asinh magnitude m is (see equation (3) of ):
m = -  2.5

ln10
é
ë
asinh æ
è
 f/f0

2 b
ö
ø
+ ln(b) ù
û
,
(7)
where f0 sets the zeropoint of the magnitude scale (see the discussion in § 4.5, and especially § 4.5.4). The quantity b is measured relative to f0, and thus is dimensionless; it is given in Table , along with the asinh magnitude associated with a zero flux object. The table also lists the flux corresponding to 10 f0 b, above which the asinh magnitude and the traditional logarithmic magnitude differ by less than 1% in flux.

For isolated stars, which are well-described by the PSF, the optimal measure of the total flux is determined by fitting a PSF model to the object. In practice, we do this by sinc-shifting the image of a star so that it is exactly centered on a pixel, and then fitting a Gaussian model of the PSF to it. This fit is carried out on the local PSF KL model (§ 4.3) at each position as well; the difference between the two is then a local aperture correction, which gives a corrected PSF magnitude. Finally, we use bright stars to determine a further aperture correction to a radius of 7.4¢¢ as a function of seeing, and apply this to each frame for its seeing. This involved procedure is necessary to take into account the full variation of the PSF (measured in the psp described above) across the field, including the low signal-to-noise ratio wings. Empirically, this reduces the seeing-dependence of the photometry to below 0.02 mag for seeing as poor as 2¢¢. The resulting magnitude is stored in the quantity psfMag. As mentioned above, the flag PSF_FLUX_INTERP warns that the PSF photometry might be suspect. The flag BAD_COUNTS_ERROR warns that because of interpolated pixels, the error may be under-estimated.

The PSF errors include contributions from photon statistics and uncertainties in the PSF model and aperture correction, although they do not include uncertainties in photometric calibration (§ 4.5). Repeat observations show that these errors are probably underestimated by 10-20%.

The flux contained within the aperture of a spectroscopic fiber (3 arcsec in diameter) is calculated in each band and stored in fiberMag. Note that no correction for seeing is applied to this measure of the magnitude. For children of deblended galaxies, some of the pixels within a 1.5 arcsec radius may belong to other children. In this case, the fiber magnitudes can be rather misleading, as they will not reflect the amount of light which the spectrograph will see. For future data releases, we will calculate the true flux within a fiber diameter, including all light from the parent that falls in the aperture centered at the location of the child. We will also correct the detected flux to a fiducial value of the seeing.

For galaxy photometry, measuring flux is more difficult than for stars, because galaxies do not all have the same radial surface brightness profile, and have no sharp edges. In order to avoid biases, we wish to measure a constant fraction of the total light, independent of the position and distance of the object. Please refer to the discussion in Strauss et al. [2001]. To satisfy these requirements, the SDSS has adopted a modified form of the Petrosian [1976] system, measuring galaxy fluxes within a circular aperture whose radius is defined by the shape of the azimuthally averaged light profile.

We define the ``Petrosian ratio'' RP at a radius r from the center of an object to be the ratio of the local surface brightness in an annulus at r to the mean surface brightness within r, as described by Blanton et al. [2001a],Yasuda et al. [2001],Strauss et al. [2001]:
RP(r) º
ó
õ
1.25 r

0.8 r 
dr¢2pr¢I(r¢) / [p(1.252 -0.82) r2]

ó
õ
r

0 
dr¢2pr¢I(r¢) / [pr2]
,
(8)
where I(r) is the azimuthally averaged surface brightness profile.

The Petrosian radius rP is defined as the radius at which RP(rP) equals some specified value RP,lim, set to 0.2 in our case. The Petrosian flux in any band is then defined as the flux within a certain number NP (equal to 2.0 in our case) of r Petrosian radii:
FP º ó
õ
NPrP

0 
2pr¢dr¢I(r¢).
(9)
In the SDSS five-band photometry, the aperture in all bands is set by the profile of the galaxy in the r band alone. This procedure ensures that the color measured by comparing FP in different bands is measured through a consistent aperture.

The aperture 2 rP is large enough to contain nearly all of the flux for typical galaxy profiles, but small enough that the sky noise in FP is small. Thus, even substantial errors in rP cause only small errors in the Petrosian flux (typical statistical errors near the spectroscopic flux limit of r* approx. 17.7 are < 5%), although these errors are correlated.

The Petrosian radius in each band is the parameter petroRad, and the Petrosian magnitude in each band (calculated, remember, using only petroRad for the r band) is the parameter petroMag.

In practice, there are a number of complications associated with this definition, because noise, substructure, and the finite size of objects can cause objects to have no Petrosian radius, or more than one. Those with more than one are flagged as MANYPETRO; the largest one is used. Those with none have NOPETRO set. Most commonly, these objects are faint (r* > 20.5 or so); the Petrosian ratio becomes unmeasurable before dropping to the limiting value of 0.2; these have PETROFAINT set and have their ``Petrosian radii'' set to the default value of the larger of 3 arcsec or the outermost measured point in the radial profile. Finally, a galaxy with a bright stellar nucleus, such as a Seyfert galaxy, can have a Petrosian radius set by the nucleus alone; in this case, the Petrosian flux misses most of the extended light of the object. This happens quite rarely, but one dramatic example in the EDR data is the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7603 = Arp 092, at a(2000) = 23:18:56.6, d(2000) = +00:14:38.

How well does the Petrosian magnitude perform as a reliable and complete measure of galaxy flux? Theoretically, the Petrosian magnitudes defined here should recover essentially all of the flux of an exponential galaxy profile and about 80% of the flux for a de Vaucouleurs profile. As shown by Blanton et al. [2001a], this fraction is fairly constant with axis ratio, while as galaxies become smaller (due to worse seeing or greater distance) the fraction of light recovered becomes closer to that fraction measured for a typical PSF, about 95% in the case of the SDSS. This implies that the fraction of flux measured for exponential profiles decreases while the fraction of flux measured for de Vaucouleurs profiles increases as a function of distance. However, for galaxies in the spectroscopic sample (r* < 17.7), these effects are small; the Petrosian radius measured by frames is extraordinarily constant in physical size as a function of redshift ().

Just as the PSF magnitudes are optimal measures of the fluxes of stars, the optimal measure of the flux of a galaxy would use a matched galaxy model. With this in mind, the code fits two models to the two-dimensional image of each object in each band; a pure de Vaucouleurs profile,
I(r) = I0 exp{-7.67[(r/re)1/4]}
(10)
(truncated beyond 7 re to smoothly go to zero at 8 re, and with some softening within r = re/50), and a pure exponential profile,
I(r) = I0 exp(-1.68 r/re)
(11)
(truncated beyond 3 re to smoothly go to zero at 4 re), each of arbitrary axis ratio and position angle. Although for large objects it is possible and even desirable to fit more complicated models (e.g., bulge plus disk), the computational expense to compute them is not justified for the majority of the detected objects11. The models are convolved with a double-Gaussian fit to the PSF, which is provided by psp. Residuals between the double-Gaussian and the full KL PSF model are added on for just the central PSF component of the image.

At bright magnitudes (r* < 18), the model magnitudes are a poor measure of the total flux of the galaxy, due to the fact that the fits are restricted to the central parts of objects [Strateva et al., 2001]. This issue will be addressed in future data releases.

These fitting procedures yield the quantities: r_deV and r_exp, the effective radii of the models; ab_deV and ab_exp, the axis ratio of the best fit models; and phi_deV and phi_exp, the position angles of the ellipticity (in degrees East of North). Note that these quantities correctly model the effects of the PSF. Also recorded are the likelihoods associated with each model from the c2 fit, deV_L and exp_L, and the total magnitudes associated with each fit, deVMag and expMag. Errors for each of these quantities (which are based only on photon statistics) are also reported. We apply aperture corrections to make these model magnitudes equal the PSF magnitudes in the case of an unresolved object.

In order to measure unbiased colors of galaxies, we measure their flux through equivalent apertures in all bands. We choose the model (exponential or de Vaucouleurs) of higher likelihood in the r filter, and apply that model (i.e., allowing only the amplitude to vary) in the other bands after convolving with the appropriate PSF in each band. The resulting magnitudes are termed modelMag. The resulting estimate of galaxy color will be unbiased in the absence of color gradients. Systematic differences from Petrosian colors are in fact often seen due to color gradients, in which case the concept of a global galaxy color is somewhat ambiguous. For faint galaxies, the model colors have appreciably higher signal-to-noise ratio than do the Petrosian colors.

Due to the way in which model fits are carried out, there is some weak discretization of model parameters, especially r_exp and r_deV. Also note that very occasionally, the quoted axis ratios are given negative values. These two problems will be addressed in subsequent data releases.

Reddening corrections in magnitudes at the position of each object, reddening, are computed following Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis [1998]. These corrections are not applied to the magnitudes in the databases. Conversions from E(B-V) to total extinction Al, assuming a z=0 elliptical galaxy spectral energy distribution, are tabulated in Table .

Faced with this array of different magnitude measurements to choose from, which one is appropriate in which circumstances? We cannot give any guarantees of what is appropriate for the science you want to do, but here we present some examples, where we use the general guideline that one usually wants to maximize some combination of signal-to-noise ratio, fraction of the total flux included, and freedom from systematic variations with observing conditions and distance:

Of course, it would not be appropriate to study the evolution of galaxies and their colors by using Petrosian magnitudes for bright galaxies, and model magnitudes for faint galaxies.

Finally, we note that azimuthally-averaged radial profiles are provided, as described below, and can easily be used to create circular aperture magnitudes of any desired type. For instance, to study a large dynamic range of galaxy fluxes, one could measure alternative Petrosian magnitudes with parameters tuned such that the Petrosian flux includes a small fraction of the total flux, but yields higher signal-to-noise ratio measurements at faint magnitudes.

4.4.6  Measurements of Shape and Morphology

The frames pipeline also provides several characterizations of the shape and morphology of an object.

The frames pipeline provides a simple star/galaxy separator in its type parameters (provided separately for each band) and its objc_type parameters (one value per object); these are set to 3 (galaxy) or 6 (star). In particular, Lupton et al. [2001a] show that the following simple cut works at the 95% confidence level for our data to r* = 21 and even somewhat fainter:
psfMag - (deV_L > exp_L) ?deVMag : expMag) > 0.145.
(12)
If satisfied, type is set to GALAXY for that band; otherwise, type is set to STAR. The global type objc_type is set according to the same criterion, applied to the summed fluxes from all bands in which the object is detected.

Experimentation has showed that simple variants on this scheme, such as defining galaxies as those objects classified as such in any two of the three high signal-to-noise ratio bands (namely, g, r, and i), work better in some circumstances. This scheme occasionally fails to distinguish pairs of stars with separation small enough ( < 2¢¢) that the deblender does not split them; it also occasionally classifies Seyfert galaxies with particularly bright nuclei as stars.

Further information to refine the star-galaxy separation further may be used, depending on scientific application. For example, Scranton et al. [2001] advocate applying a Bayesian prior to the above difference between the PSF and exponential magnitudes, depending on seeing and using prior knowledge about the counts of galaxies and stars with magnitude.

The frames pipeline extracts an azimuthally-averaged radial surface brightness profile. In the catalogs, it is given as the average surface brightness in a series of annuli (whose outer radii are listed in Table ). This quantity is in units of ``maggies'' per square arcsec, where a maggie is a linear measure of flux; one maggie has an AB magnitude of 0 (thus a surface brightness of 20 mag/square arcsec corresponds to 10-8 maggies per square arcsec). In the class Profile (Table ), the number of annuli for which there is a measurable signal is listed as nprof, the mean surface brightness is listed as profMean, and the error is listed as profErr. This error includes both photon noise, and the small-scale ``bumpiness'' in the counts as a function of azimuthal angle.

When converting the profMean values to a local surface brightness, it is not the best approach to assign the mean surface brightness to some radius within the annulus and then linearly interpolate between radial bins. Do not use smoothing splines, as they will not go through the points in the cumulative profile and thus (obviously) will not conserve flux. What frames does, e.g., in determining the Petrosian ratio, is to fit a taut spline to the cumulative profile and then differentiate that spline fit, after transforming both the radii and cumulative profiles with asinh functions. We recommend doing the same here.

The frames pipeline also reports the radii containing 50% and 90% of the Petrosian flux for each band, petroR50 and petroR90 respectively. The usual characterization of surface-brightness in the target selection pipeline of the SDSS is the mean surface brightness within petroR50.

It turns out that the ratio of petroR50 to petroR90, the so-called ``inverse concentration index'', is correlated with morphology [Shimasaku et al., 2001,Strateva et al., 2001]. Galaxies with a de Vaucouleurs profile have an inverse concentration index of around 0.3; exponential galaxies have an inverse concentration index of around 0.43. Thus, this parameter can be used as a simple morphological classifier.

An important caveat when using these quantities is that they are not corrected for seeing. This causes the surface brightness to be underestimated, and the inverse concentration index to be overestimated, for objects of size comparable to the PSF. The amplitudes of these effects, however, are not yet well characterized.

In addition to the model and PSF magnitudes described above, the likelihoods deV_L, exp_L, and star_L are also calculated by frames. These are the probabilities of achieving the measured c2 for the de Vaucouleurs, exponential, and PSF fits, respectively. If one wishes to make use of this trinary scheme to classify objects, calculation of the fractional likelihoods is recommended:
f(deV_L) =  deV_L

deV_L + exp_L+ star_L
 ,
(13)
and similarly for f(exp_L) and f(star_L). A fractional likelihood greater than 0.5 for any of these three profiles is generally a good threshold for object classification. This works well in the range 18 < r* < 21.5; at the bright end, the likelihoods have a tendency to underflow to zero, which makes them less useful. In particular, star_L is often zero for bright stars. For future data releases we will incorporate improvements to the model fits to give more meaningful results at the bright end.

The model fits yield an estimate of the axis ratio and position angle of each object, but it is useful to have model-independent measures of ellipticity. In the data released here, frames provides two further measures of ellipticity, one based on second moments, the other based on the ellipticity of a particular isophote. The model fits do correctly account for the effect of the seeing, while the methods presented here do not.

The first method measures flux-weighted second moments, defined as:
Mxx
º
áx2/r2ñ
Myy
º
áy2/r2ñ
Mxy
º
áxy/r2ñ
(14)
In the case that the object's isophotes are self-similar ellipses, one can show:
Q
º
Mxx - Myy =  a-b

a+b
cos2f
U
º
Mxy =  a-b

a+b
sin2f,
(15)
where a and b are the semi-major and semi-minor axes, and f is the position angle. Q and U are Q and U in the class PhotoObj and are referred to as ``Stokes parameters.'' They can be used to reconstruct the axis ratio and position angle, measured relative to row and column of the CCDs. This is equivalent to the normal definition of position angle (East of North), for the scans on the Equator. The performance of the Stokes parameters are not ideal at low S/N. For future data releases, frames will also output variants of the adaptive shape measures used in the weak lensing analysis of Fischer et al. [2000], which are closer to optimal measures of shape for small objects.

A second measure of ellipticity is given by measuring the ellipticity of the 25 magnitudes per square arcsecond isophote (in all bands). In detail, frames measures the radius of a particular isophote as a function of angle and Fourier expands this function. It then extracts from the coefficients the centroid, major and minor axis, position angle, and average radius of the isophote in question12. It also reports the derivative of each of these quantities with respect to isophote level, necessary to recompute these quantities if the photometric calibration changes13.

4.4.7  Known Problems in frames

Throughout this section, we have listed various known problems with the processing, many of which will be fixed in future releases of the data. We now list problems that were not otherwise mentioned earlier.

Finally, a disclaimer: we have tested the outputs of the pipeline to the best of our ability, but there are no doubt subtle problems not listed here that we are currently unaware of. For example, many of the quoted error estimates have not yet been tested adequately. We are eager for feedback from the community if any problems are found.

4.5  Photometric Calibration

The objective of the photometric calibration process is to tie the SDSS imaging data to an AB magnitude system, and specifically to the ``natural system'' of the 2.5m telescope defined by the photon-weighted effective wavelengths of each combination of SDSS filter, CCD response, telescope transmission, and atmospheric transmission at a reference airmass of 1.3 as measured at APO.

The calibration process ultimately involves combining data from three telescopes: the USNO 40-in on which our primary standards were first measured (see below), the SDSS PT (§ 3.4), and the SDSS 2.5m telescope. At the beginning of the survey it was expected that there would be a single u¢g¢r¢i¢z¢ system. However, in the course of processing the SDSS data, the unpleasant discovery was made that the filters in the 2.5m telescope have significantly different effective wavelengths from the filters in the PT and at the USNO. These differences have been traced to the fact that the short-pass interference films on the 2.5-meter camera live in the same vacuum as the detectors, and the resulting dehydration of the films decreases their effective refractive index. This results in blueward shifts of the red edges of the filters by about 2.5% of the cutoff wavelength, and consequent shifts of the effective wavelengths of order half that. The USNO filters are in ambient air, and the hydration of the films exhibits small temperature shifts; the PT filters are kept in stable very dry air and are in a condition about halfway between ambient and the very stable vacuum state. The rather subtle differences between these systems are describable by simple linear transformations with small color terms for stars of not-too-extreme color, but of course cannot be so transformed for very cool objects or objects with complex spectra. Since standardization is done with stars, this is not a fundamental problem, once the transformations are well understood.

It is these subtle issues that give rise to our somewhat awkward nomenclature for the PT and 2.5m filter systems. The calibration is provisional because the zero points are not quite on an AB system yet. For many purposes the difference between the USNO and the 2.5m systems are of no consequence. We believe that the photometric calibration of the EDR is uniform to of order 3% in g*, r*, and i*, and 5% in u* and z* (all numbers are rms), while the absolute calibration in Jy is uncertain by as much as 10%.

In this section, we describe the process by which photometric calibration is done (§ 4.5.1), requiring analysis of data from the PT (§ 4.5.2) which is then combined with the 2.5m imaging data (§ 4.5.3). The tests we have carried out to give us confidence in the above numbers and caveats in the calibration are described in § 4.5.4. We do not aim here to give a full pedagogical description of the difficulties of absolute photometry in the SDSS system; that will be presented in papers in preparation.

4.5.1  Overview of the Photometric Calibration in SDSS

The photometric calibration of the SDSS imaging data is a multi-step process, due to the fact that the images from the 2.5m telescope saturate at r* approx. 14, fainter than typical spectrophotometric standards, combined with the fact that observing efficiency would be greatly impacted if the 2.5m needed to interrupt its routine scanning in order to observe separate calibration fields.

The first step involved setting up a primary standard star network of 163 stars distributed around the Northern sky [Smith et al., 2001]. These stars were selected from a variety of sources and span a range in color, airmass, and right ascension. They were observed repeatedly over a period of two years using the US Naval Observatory 40-in telescope located in Flagstaff, Arizona. These observations are tied to an absolute flux system by the single F0 subdwarf star BD+17 4708, whose absolute fluxes in SDSS filters are taken from Fukugita et al. [1996]. As noted above, the photometric system defined by these stars is called the u¢g¢r¢i¢z¢ system. A table containing the calibrated magnitudes for these standard stars is available from our web sites.

Most of these primary standards have brightnesses in the range r* approx. 8 - 13, and would saturate the 2.5-meter telescope's imaging camera in normal operations. Therefore, a set of 1520 41.5¢×41.5¢ transfer fields, called secondary patches , have been positioned throughout the survey area. These secondary patches are observed with the PT (§ 3.4); their size is set by the field of view of the PT camera. These secondary patches are grouped into sets of four. Each set spans the full set of 12 scan lines of a survey stripe along the width of the stripe, and the sets are spaced along the length of a stripe at roughly 15° intervals. The locations of the patches used for calibrating the imaging runs for the EDR are indicated in Figure 4.3. The patches are observed by the PT in parallel with observations of the primary standards and processed using the Monitor Telescope Pipeline (§ 4.5.2); the calibrated patches are then used to calibrate the 2.5-meter's imaging data via the Final Calibrations Pipeline (§ 4.5.3) to the 2.5-m preliminary u* g* r* i* z* system.

4.5.2  Monitor Telescope Pipeline

The PT has two main functions: it measures the atmospheric extinction on each clear night based on observations of primary standards at a variety of airmasses, and it calibrates secondary patches in order to determine the photometric zeropoint of the 2.5m imaging scans. The extinction must be measured on each night the 2.5m is scanning, but the corresponding secondary patches can be observed on any photometric night, and need not be coincident with the image scans that they will calibrate.

The Monitor Telescope Pipeline (mtpipe; ), so called for historical reasons, processes the PT data. It performs three basic functions:

The transformation equation between the instrumental aperture photometry u¢inst and the reduced magnitude u¢ is given by:
u¢inst
=
u¢+ au + bu ×(u¢-g¢) + ku ×X
+
cu ×[(u¢-g¢) - (u¢-g¢)ref] ×[X-Xref]  ,
(16)
and similarly in g¢, r¢, i¢, and z¢ (both i¢ and z¢ use i¢-z¢ as the fiducial color in the equations). Here, a is the zero point, k is the primary extinction coefficient, X is the airmass, b is the first order color term coefficient, c is the second-order extinction term coefficient, Xref=1.3 is a reference air mass, and (u¢-g¢)ref is a reference color. The values for these last two parameters are chosen to keep the ``c'' term small, and are defined to be the estimated average airmass of the survey, áXñ = 1.3, and the ``cosmic color'', respectively, as listed in Table . The cosmic color values are the mean colors of 4428 objects with 19 < r* < 20 in survey run 752, camera column 3, fields 11-100. This area is on the celestial equator at a Galactic latitude of about 42\arcdeg.

For the calibrations presented in the SDSS EDR, the values for the instrumental (``b'') coefficients have been set to zero, and the values for the second-order extinction (``c'') coefficients have been set to the global values derived in the initial setup of the u¢g¢r¢i¢z¢ primary standard star network (Table ) [Smith et al., 2001]. For each filter, a single value for the photometric zeropoint (``a'') is solved for each night, but typically a separate value k is determined for each three-hour block throughout the night. Typical values are given in Table . The net effect of forcing the b terms to 0 is that the secondary patches are calibrated on the natural system of the PT, except that the zero points in each filter are slightly offset from a true AB system. The offset for the u¢ band is given approximately given by báu¢-g¢ñ, where the quantity in brackets is the mean color of all standard stars observed on a given night; offsets for other bands are given by similar expressions. These offsets amount to at most a couple of percent, and are not applied to the EDR data.

4.5.3  The Final Calibration Pipeline

The final calibration pipeline works much like mtpipe, computing the transformation between aperture photometry (or other photometry) as observed by the 2.5m telescope and the final SDSS photometric system. The pipeline matches stars between a camera column of 2.5m data and an overlapping secondary patch. Each camera column of 2.5m data is calibrated individually. There are of order 100 stars in each patch in the appropriate color and magnitude range in the overlap. The locations of these secondary patches are indicated in Figure 4.3.

The transformation equations have the same form as those used by mtpipe, i.e., equation (15). Once again the b coefficient is set to 0. The extinction coefficient is taken from PT observations on the same night, linearly interpolated in time when multiple extinction determinations are available. Second order extinction corrections are included for completeness, but in practice do not affect the photometry by more than 0.01 mag. A single zeropoint a is computed from stars on all patches that overlap a given CCD in a given run. Observations are weighted by their estimated errors, and sigma-clipping is used to reject outliers. At one time it was thought that a time dependent zero point might be needed to account for the fact that the 2.5m camera and corrector lenses rotate relative to the telescope mirrors and optical structure; however, it now appears that any variations in throughput are small compared to inherent fluctuations in the calibration of the patches themselves. The statistical error in the zeropoint is constrained to be less than 1.35% in u* and z* and 0.9% in g* r* i*. However, systematic errors can be larger; we describe some of the tests of the consistency of our photometry in § 4.5.4.

One of the diagnostics of systematic problems is to plot residuals in the individual star observations as a function of magnitude or CCD column. Figure 4.3 shows an example, which indicates a problem with ghosting internal to the 2.5m telescope and system. This is most apparent in the u band, and is due to ghosting between the CCD and the u filter combined with vignetting of the out-of-focus ghost image. At the edge of the field of view, especially columns 1 and 6 of the 2.5m imaging camera, this effect gives rise to a CCD column dependent magnitude error of up to 10% in u* for a small range of CCD columns in the 2.5m imaging camera. The effect is present to a smaller degree (no more than 3%) in the other filters. The effect exists in the EDR in runs 752, 756, 1336, 1339, 1356 and 1359, and it will be addressed for future data releases.

For the first two runs included in the EDR (94 and 125) the full telescope baffling system was not in place. Stray light entering the telescope affected the median sky flatfields, causing systematic errors in the photometric calibration. We correct for this stray light in a two step process. First, these runs are processed assuming that there is no stray light. Significant photometric residuals from comparisons to our PT calibration patches (§ 4.5.2) are attributed to the presence of the stray light. The peak-to-peak variation of this effect is 10%. We calculate a correction vector to compensate for this, and apply it during a second processing of the runs. Once this is done, the data show no detectable residual effect from the scattered light.

4.5.4  Assessment of Photometric Calibration

The primary sources of error are uncorrected extinction variations that affect both the PT patches and the 2.5m scans, incidents of bad seeing in the 2.5m scans coinciding with the crossing of PT patches, and statistical errors due to the small number of matching stars in certain PT patches in areas of the sky with low star density. Consequently, after final calibration, the data are subjected to a suite of tests to assess the reproducibility of photometric calibrations. These tests are neither exhaustive nor precise, but they do catch egregious errors. They are designed to uncover systematic calibration errors in the scan direction and across the imaging camera.

The principal tests for photometric accuracy include:

These tests consistently indicate that the photometric zeropoints for the EDR data are internally consistent to within ±2% in all bands for 90% of the frames in the EDR data. The worst outliers are all in u, and are up to 10% peak-to-peak in the worst of our data; as we saw above, these are due to ghosting in the u chip.

Because errors in different bands are often correlated, the colors of objects have smaller errors than might otherwise be indicated; stellar locii from different columns are typically aligned to better than 1% (measured in the griz bands). The median stellar locii from different runs are also aligned to better than 1%.

We discussed in § 4.4.5 that the estimated PSF magnitude errors are accurate to 10-20%. The errors themselves are impressively small, as is manifest by the width of the stellar locus; the rms scatter in bright star PSF photometry (where photon statistics are negligible), after correcting for zero-point offsets, is 0.02 mag in g*, r*, and i*, and 0.03 mag in u* and z*. The separation between the stellar locus and quasars in Figure 4.5.4 is due to this excellent photometry.

edr_quasarccplot.gif

Figure 13: Color-color plots of quasars and stars as measured in the SDSS colors. Black contours and black dots are stellar sources. Red contours and red dots show the distribution of quasars in the EDR data.

In addition to errors on the internal consistency of the photometry, the tie of the 2.5m photometry to an AB system has additional errors.

Thus the system zeropoints could differ from the AB zeropoints by as much as 10%.

4.6  Imaging Data Quality Assessment

The quality of each field of data from the 2.5-meter imaging camera is assessed based on a number of criteria. A quality is assigned for each criterion, and an overall quality is assigned based on the worst value of these. The possible values for quality in the class Field (Table ) are:

For the EDR, all fields are in one of the first three categories. The quality for each field is indicated in Figure 4.3.

A set of flags is maintained for each field in which the quality for each of the criteria is recorded. These flags are 32-bit masks; there are 4 masks, one each for GOOD, ACCEPTABLE, HOLE, and BAD, with bits assigned for each criterion used to judge quality. For example, if the seeing is judged acceptable, then the bit assigned to seeing in the ``acceptable'' mask is set. Additionally, an overall quality is stored separately.

The following are the criteria used to assess data quality:

The parameter badMask in Table  encodes reasons why data were not declared GOOD.

The SKY and AMP bits are not used for the EDR. They are used to mask imaging data because of high sky values or bad amplifier noise, respectively.

A substantial portion of fields in the EDR have had quality set manually, overriding the PSF or tracking quality in most cases. A list of all fields that have had the quality overridden are listed in Table . They have the AR_FQ_MANUAL flag bit set.

4.7  Resolving Multiple Detections

For each stripe, 12 non-overlapping but contiguous scan lines are defined parallel to the stripe great circle. Six of these scan lines are covered when the ``north'' strip of the stripe is scanned, and the remaining six are covered by the ``south'' strip. Each scan line is 0.20977\arcdeg wide and overlaps its neighbor by approx. 1 arcmin. Each overlap region is bisected by a line of constant n. Objects in overlap regions can have a detection in each of the scan lines, and we assign one of the scan lines to have the primary detection based upon which side of the bisecting line it falls. Many queries want to consider only these objects, so we have constructed the Primary class in the catalog archive server. The classes Star, Galaxy, Sky, and Unknown are inherited from Primary. Other object detections are (usually) in the Secondary class, with its inherited classes StarSecondary, GalaxySecondary, SkySecondary, and UnknownSecondary. Two kinds of objects are not in the Primary or Secondary classes, and we put them in the Family class: objects which are tagged as BRIGHT (Table ); and parent objects which have been successfully deblended.

Object detections in the area that overlaps adjacent stripes which we have not yet observed are in the Secondary class. These may be recovered by using the status flag in Table . The flag bits AR_STATUS_OK_SCANLINE and AR_STATUS_OK_STRIPE of status are set for all objects that are within one stripe.

Objects that lie close to the bisector between scan lines present some difficulty. Errors in the centroids or astrometric calibrations can place such objects on either side of the bisector. A resolution is performed at all bisectors, and if two objects which are a primary detection lie within 2 arcsec of each other, then one object is declared primary and the other secondary.

In the EDR, most data are taken along stripes that are isolated. Runs 752 and 756 cover stripe 10, and we plan to observe the stripes adjacent to it. Therefore, only objects which do not fall in an area that will overlap with the adjacent stripes may be marked as Primary detections. Runs 94 and 125 cover stripe 82, in the southern Galactic hemisphere. We do not plan to observe the stripes adjacent to stripe 82, so all objects may be marked as Primary detections.

Objects must satisfy other criteria as well to be labeled primary; an object must not be flagged BRIGHT (as there is a duplicate ``regular'' detection of the same object; § 4.4.2), and must not be a deblended parent (as the children are already included); thus it must not be flagged BLENDED unless the NODEBLEND flag is set. These are put in the Family class.

The set of all primary detections from interleaving strips comprise a complete object catalog.

4.8  Target Selection

The spectroscopic survey aims to observe complete samples of three categories of astronomical objects (Table ):

The following sections describe the algorithms used to select targets for spectroscopic observation. The quantity primTarget records the results of target selection for each object by using the target bit masks in Table . An object can be targeted by more than one algorithm. The quasar and galaxy targets are marked as ``tiled'' in the table to indicate that we intend to obtain a uniform and complete sample. The TARGET_STAR_BROWN_DWARF and TARGET_HOT_STD targets are also tiled, as described below.

The data included in the EDR are commissioning data, and were used, among other things, to refine the algorithms discussed here. Table  lists the versions of the target pipeline that were used to select which objects to observe spectroscopically. The exact algorithms used are not uniform throughout all the data released, and Table  summarizes the important differences. The results of target selection are recorded in the quantity PrimTarget, which appears in two classes. The class SpecObj records the results of target we used to select objects for spectroscopic observation (v2.2a, v2.5, and v2.7), while the class PhotoObj records the results of target run on the final photometric catalog (target v2.13.8).

The galaxy magnitude limit has changed slightly, as has the criterion for selecting low-surface brightness galaxies, and a number of changes have been made to quasar target selection. Since the pipeline software versions, the photometric calibration, and target selection criteria change, there will be slight mis-matches between the value of PrimTarget for the same object recorded in class SpecObj and PhotoObj.

The quasar selection algorithm is substantially different in target v2.13.8. A complete description of these improvements is beyond the scope of this paper.

4.8.1  Galaxies

Images of galaxies are distinguished from images of stars by morphology. As described above (§ 4.4.6), we separate stars from galaxies using the difference between the PSF and model magnitude in r*. Galaxy target selection requires a difference greater than 0.3 mag. During commissioning, we changed the magnitude limit of the sample several times (Table ), and experimented with a fuzzy limit, whereby the probability that a galaxy be selected was a declining function of r* over a range of 0.1 magnitudes. For the EDR, a sharp magnitude cut of r*Petrosian = 17.5 yields a complete sample of galaxies, with a surface density of order 90 galaxies per square degree (see the discussion in § 4.9).

All magnitudes are corrected for extinction following Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis [1998]. Objects with fiber magnitudes brighter than 15 in g* or r*, or brighter than 14.5 in i* are rejected, to avoid problems with fiber cross-talk in the spectrographs, for target v2.7, runs 94 and 125, as indicated in Table . We also reject objects with SATUR set, which unfortunately rejects galaxies blended with saturated stars. Finally, the more recent versions of target reject objects with PetroR50 < 2¢¢, brighter than r* = 15.5 (v2.7) and 15.0 (v2.13.8), to cut down on contamination from very bright stars.

We have found that galaxy targets of very low surface brightness are often not real objects, but are due to very low-level scattered light within the camera. We therefore put in an explicit surface brightness cut. A Petrosian half-light surface brightness is defined as the mean surface brightness within the radius, PetroR50, which includes half the Petrosian flux. All objects with Petrosian surface brightness fainter than the value listed in Table  are not targeted (the surface brightness limit of 30.0 for v2.5 indicates that in effect, no surface brightness cut was applied).

For target v2.13.8, we check that for faint objects, the local sky value in r is sensible. Objects with surface brightness between 23.0 and 24.5 are only selected if the value of the sky determined locally (i.e., on scales of ~ 2 arcmin, sky in class PhotoObj) and that on a frame (10 arcmin scales, sky in class Field) are within 0.05 asinh mag per square arcsec of one another; the local sky of a child includes the contribution of its siblings, so this cut discriminates against pieces of fluff inadvertently deblended from bright galaxies. These objects are flagged both TARGET_GALAXY and TARGET_GALAXY_BIG.

Finally, galaxies with fiber magnitude brighter than r* = 19 that don't otherwise make the surface brightness cut are targeted. These are flagged TARGET_GALAXY_BRIGHT_CORE. Such objects are quite rare.

The resulting sample is contaminated at the approx. 1% level by close double stars that are not separated by the deblender. The details of the galaxy target selection, and the tests to show that it works, are described in Strauss et al. [2001].

4.8.2  Luminous Red Galaxies

It has long been known that the most luminous galaxies in clusters are a very homogeneous population (e.g., Postman & Lauer 1995 and references therein); they have a very narrow range of color and intrinsic luminosity. Because these objects are intrinsically very luminous, they can be observed to great distance.

We therefore selected such objects by a variant of the method of photometric redshifts (), with the aim of selecting a uniform, approximately volume-limited sample of objects with the reddest colors in the rest frame [Eisenstein et al., 2001]. We term these objects ``Luminous Red Galaxies'', or LRGs. It turns out that this can be simply done with cuts in the g*-r*, r*-i*, r* color-color-magnitude cube. Because the 4000Å break moves from the g band to the r band at zapprox. 0.4, two different sets of selection criteria are used, which we term Cut I and Cut II. First, we rotate to a color basis that is aligned with the galaxy locus in the g*-r*, r*-i* plane as follows:
c^
=
(r*-i*) + (g*-r*)/4 - 0.18
c||
=
0.7(g*-r*) + 1.2[(r*-i*)-0.18]
(17)
Please note that some earlier versions of SDSS documentation have incorrect signs in the definition of c^; the above are correct. All colors are measured using model magnitudes, and all quantities are corrected for Galactic reddening following Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis [1998].

Cut I and Cut II objects used star-galaxy separation criteria that changed from one chunk to another (Table ). For Cut I, the flux and color cuts are:
r*Petrosian
<
19.2       Roughly 1.5 mag fainter than main galaxies
SBPetrosian, r*
<
24.2       Roughly the same as main galaxies
r*Petrosian
<
13.1 + c||/0.3       Luminosity cut
|c^|
<
0.2      Color cut.
(18)

This gives an approximately volume-limited sample of galaxies to z = 0.37 with additional galaxies up to zapprox. 0.45. These objects are flagged GALAXY_RED.

To reach higher redshifts, we use Cut II:
r*Petrosian
<
19.5       A little fainter than above
SBPetrosian, r*
<
(23.3 or 24.2)
(19)
c^
>
0.45 - (g*-r*)/6       Color cut
(g*-r*)
>
bg*-r* + (r*-i*)/4       Color cut.
(20)
This selects red galaxies at 0.42 < z < 0.55. The surface brightness cut, and the value of the g*-r* color cut offset, bg*-r*, was different in different versions of target selection, as indicated in Table . Despite the deeper flux cut, this sample is still flux-limited rather than luminosity-limited. These Cut II objects are flagged both as GALAXY_RED_II and GALAXY_RED.

The luminosity cut in Cut I (eq. [17]) is a good approximation to a passively-evolving old stellar population from zapprox. 0.15 to zapprox. 0.45, but is too permissive at lower redshift. At z < 0.20, one should not use the GALAXY_RED flag to extract the low-redshift extension of the LRG volume-limited sample. Rather, one must use the redshift extracted from the main galaxy sample to construct the absolute magnitude and rest-frame color and select galaxies that fall in the region populated by the high-redshift LRGs. This is described in more detail in Eisenstein et al. [2001].

The resulting LRG sample has nearly constant comoving number density to zapprox. 0.4 with a passively-evolved luminosity threshold that is close to constant. This suggests that the sample is indeed close to the volume-limited goal. At z > 0.4, the sample is effectively flux-limited but still selects intrinsically red galaxies. The sample selection is also quite efficient: 97% of the selected targets are at z > 0.15.

The two LRG Cuts together give roughly 12 targets per square degree that are not already in the main galaxy target selection sample, typically 10 of which are Cut I targets and 2 of which are Cut II targets.

4.8.3  Quasars

Images of quasars are characterized in the optical by high luminosity and very high surface brightness, making them morphologically indistinguishable from stars at all but very low redshifts (z £ 0.6 at the resolution of the SDSS). Quasar spectra, however, are characterized by roughly power-law continua and strong emission lines; as a result, quasar spectra are quite distinct from the roughly black-body spectra of stars.

The dominance of the continuum on the colors of quasars is severely reduced because of absorption by the Lya forest and Lyman-limit systems (at rest wavelengths below 1216 Å  and 912 Å, respectively). For the SDSS filter set, absorption by the Lya forest is significant for z ³ 2.2, and quasars become increasingly red with larger redshift [Fan, 1999,Richards et al., 2001a]. Fortunately, this effect also gives quasars colors that are distinctly different from those of normal stars.

Models of quasars by Fan [1999] show that the quasar locus is indeed well-separated from the stellar locus except at z = 2.7-2.8, where quasars have SDSS broad-band colors that are essentially indistinguishable from early F and late A stars. Thus the majority of quasars have colors quite distinct from those of stars, which, unlike quasars, lie on a nearly one-dimensional locus in (u*-g*),(g*-r*),(r*-i*),(i*-z*) color-color-color-color space [Newberg & Yanny, 1997,Fan, 1999,Finlator et al., 2000]. Using this property, we identify quasar candidates primarily as outliers from the stellar locus in this 4-color space. This algorithm is described in more detail by Richards et al. [2001b].

The quasar target selection algorithm first models the stellar locus, following Newberg & Yanny [1997], as an elongated tube with an elliptical cross-section. In practice, this is done in two stages, once for the (u*-g*), (g*-r*), (r*-i*) color cube, and once for the (g*-r*),(r*-i*), (i*-z*) color cube. The PSF colors of each object are examined in turn, and it is determined whether they are consistent with lying inside the stellar locus, incorporating the photometric errors. The quoted errors in PSF magnitudes from frames are used, after adding approx. 0.03 mag errors in quadrature in each color to reflect the uncertainty in the photometric calibration. Quasar candidates are those objects which lie more than 4 s from the stellar locus. Colors are measured using PSF magnitudes, and are corrected for reddening using Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis [1998] throughout.

The quantity objFlags in class photoObj uses the bitmasks in Table  to indicate objects whose photometry (and therefore, colors) may be in error. In particular, we reject objects flagged as BLENDED (although we accept the deblended children of blended parents), BRIGHT, SATURATED, or EDGE in any band. Objects detected as MOVING at a rate greater than 0.2 pixels per frame with high significance are rejected as asteroids (although this rejection is no longer needed in the current algorithm; asteroids have colors that put them cleanly in the stellar locus; ). Deblended children with PEAKCENTER, NOTCHECKED, or DEBLEND_NOPEAK set in any band are signs of deblending problems; these objects are also rejected. Objects with INTERP_CENTER set have a cosmic ray or bad column within 3 pixels of their center; empirically, we find that many false quasar candidates are found with i* < 16.5 and this flag set, so we reject all such objects. There are a few bad columns which are not properly interpolated over by the photometric pipeline, and so we reject objects in CCD columns 1019-1031 in camCol 5.

At one point, we had considered separate criteria in regions of high and low stellar density, as we were concerned about changing stellar populations at low latitudes. For this reason, objects that pass the main quasar target selection criteria have the TARGET_QSO_CAP (referring to the Galactic cap) or TARGET_QSO_SKIRT (the ring around Galactic cap region), target mask bit set in primTarget of class specObj, depending on their Galactic coordinates and, in particular, the estimated stellar density from the Bahcall & Soneira [1980] model. However, we found that the effectiveness of the algorithm was independent of stellar density, so the selection of the two is identical.

An outlier from the (u*-g*), (g*-r*), (r*-i*) color cube is a quasar candidate if it passes the above gauntlet of tests and has 15.0 < i* < 19.0. The bright limit is set to avoid problems with cross-talk in the spectrographs. As indicated in Table , the bright limit used for target version v2.2.a, runs 752 and 756 was i* = 16.5. The object need not be stellar if it lies blueward of the main galaxy locus; this allows low-redshift AGN, whose host galaxy is visible, to be selected.

We reject some quasar candidates if they have colors that match known types of stars which lie outside the main stellar locus. In particular, hot white dwarfs are excluded when ,,
(-0.8 < g*-r* < -0.2)    (-0.6 < r*-i* < -0.2)    (-1.0 < i*-z* < 0.0);
(21)
unresolved M dwarf-white dwarf pairs are excluded when ,
(0.0 < g*-r* < 1.6)    (0.6 < r*-i* < 2.0);
(22)
and A stars are excluded when ,
(0.9 < u*-g* < 1.5)    (-0.35 < g*-r* < 0.0) .
(23)

The quasar locus crosses the stellar locus for quasars of z ~ 2.7, so we include target objects when ,
(0.65 < u*-g* < 1.5)    (0.0 < g*-r* < 0.2)
(24)
even if they are not outliers from the stellar locus.

Each of these three regimes of stars were rejected in the EDR data (as indicated in Table ), except with target version v2.2a, runs 752 and 756, when only the A star rejection was applied. Inclusion of objects in the region where the stellar and quasar loci cross was performed for all three versions of target used for the EDR.

The SDSS catalog is matched against the FIRST catalog of radio sources [Becker, White, & Helfand, 1995], and stellar objects with radio counterparts within 2\arcsec and i* < 19.0 are selected, using the mask bit TARGET_QSO_FIRST_CAP or TARGET_QSO_FIRST_SKIRT depending on their position on the sky.

The mask bit in primTarget we use for the high redshift quasar sample is TARGET_QSO_HIZ. Outliers from the stellar locus in the (g*-r*), (r*-i*), (i*-z*) color cube with i* < 20.0 are selected, subject to the rejection criteria given above in equations 2021, and 22. Additionally, candidates must be classified as stellar, as they will have redshifts above z = 3.5 for the most part (see the discussion in Fan et al. 2001a). For target versions v2.5 and v2.7, we also targeted objects which lie in the region of color-color space for z > 3, are still outliers in the (u*-g*), (g*-r*), (r*-i*) cube and have u*-g* > 1.5 and i* < 20.0, see Table .

Although low-redshift quasars manifest themselves most dramatically as outliers in u*-g*, they are also outliers in the g*r*i*z* color cube, and would thus dominate the (nominally) high-redshift color cut, which goes fainter than the main quasar sample. Therefore, we rejected very blue objects that satisfy ,,
(u*-g* < 0.9)    (g*-r* < 0.8)    (i* > 19.0)
(25)
even if they were outliers in the g*r*i*z* color cube. Table  indicates that this rejection was not done in target v2.2.a.

For target versions v2.2.a, v2.5, and v2.7, objects which lie outside the stellar locus, but are fainter than the magnitude limit, are flagged as TARGET_QSO_FAINT; they are not targeted, but are marked as being of potential interest. We emphasize, however, that the algorithm is not optimized fainter than i*=20.0, so the fraction of objects flagged as TARGET_QSO_FAINT that turn out to be quasars will decrease significantly with magnitude. Objects with this flag set will only have spectra if they were targeted by another module.

Quasar candidates are selected primarily as objects with colors distinct from stars, allowing the serendipitous discovery of a variety of objects of unusual color, including those that do not conform to ``standard'' quasar colors. It has thus found a number of very unusual BAL quasars, extreme emission-line galaxies, high-redshift (z > 0.7) starburst and post-starburst galaxies, and a handful of objects whose spectra defy classification.

This algorithm selects of order 15 objects per square degree. Our target efficiency requirement is that at least 65% of our quasar candidates should in fact be quasars. The EDR is very close to meeting this requirement, and we certainly expect future data releases to meet or exceed this requirement. The principal contaminants are compact blue star-forming galaxies at low redshift; A stars; white dwarfs and M dwarf-white dwarf pairs that the above color cuts don't completely remove; and a variety of exotica such as z > 0.4 compact E+A galaxies, whose Balmer break gives them colors very similar to z=4 quasars. Comparison with quasars from the literature shows that our completeness is of order 90%, which is consistent with our completeness requirement. Known quasars that are not targeted are rejected for a wide variety of reasons: many are due to cosmetic defects, and many z=3.5 and z=4.5 quasars are missing due to problems with the quasar target selection code, which have been corrected since target was run to define the plates in the EDR.

4.8.4  Other Science Targets

A variety of other science targets are selected. These include optical counterparts of ROSAT sources, stars, and serendipitous targets. These samples are not complete (with the exception of spectrophotometric standards and brown dwarfs), but are assigned to excess fibers left over after the main samples of galaxies, LRG's, and quasars are tiled (§ 4.9).

For typical values of the ratio of optical to X-ray flux of various classes of Galactic and extragalactic sources, there is an excellent match between the depth of SDSS in the optical and that of the ROSAT All Sky Survey (RASS; ) in X-rays. Objects detected in SDSS imaging data are positionally matched against X-ray sources from the RASS catalogs. SDSS objects within the RASS positional error circles (commonly 10-20¢¢ radius) are scrutinized further by target selection algorithms tuned to select likely optical counterparts to the X-ray sources. In decreasing priority order, spectra are obtained for SDSS/RASS coincidences that: (a) are also radio sources (flagged ROSAT_A); (b) have SDSS optical colors of AGN/quasars (ROSAT_B); (c) fall in a broad intermediate priority bin that includes bright and/or moderately blue stars and galaxies (ROSAT_C); (d) are otherwise bright enough for follow-up spectroscopy (ROSAT_D). Objects flagged ROSAT_E are not targeted; they fall within the ROSAT error circle, but are either too faint or too bright for our spectrographs. Objects with fiber magnitude brighter than 15 in g*, r*, or i* are not targeted, because of cross-talk between fibers in the spectrograph.

This algorithm targets of order 10-15 objects per plate; over half are AGN or quasars.

A variety of stars are also targeted by their distinctive colors. Specific stellar spectroscopic target categories include blue horizontal branch stars (flagged STAR_BHB), carbon stars, both dwarf and giant ( STAR_CARBON), low-luminosity subdwarfs (STAR_SUB_DWARF), the central stars of planetary nebulae (STAR_PN), cataclysmic variables (CATY_VAR), red and brown dwarfs (STAR_RED_DWARF and STAR_BROWN_DWARF), and hot white dwarfs (STAR_WHITE_DWARF). The planetary nebula and cataclysmic variable categories are essentially completely contained within the quasar target selection region of color-color space, and are much rarer than quasars; only a handful of these objects have been found. The definition of red dwarf was too inclusive in the version of target used, resulting in the observations of a large number of ordinary M dwarfs. The brown dwarfs are very rare (typically one every several plates); unlike the other categories of stars, these are tiled. However, in the EDR data, the algorithm for selecting these objects was modified several times, making the formal definition of a complete sample difficult.

Additionally, of order 30% of the objects targeted as quasars turn out, in fact, to be stars, for the most part outliers from the stellar locus by definition (but occasionally objects in the stellar locus as well, due to early errors in the code). This is of course not a complete sample, but it contains several thousand spectra of uniform data quality of stars of all spectral types.

Finally, we have an open category of targets, referred to as serendipity, whose criteria are subject to change as different regions of parameter space are explored. There are several categories of these in the EDR. These are flagged as SERENDIP_RED, SERENDIP_BLUE, and SERENDIP_DISTANT for objects lying outside the stellar locus in color space (the latter refers to distance from the stellar locus). These overlap somewhat with the quasar and some of the stellar target selection categories. Objects coincident with FIRST radio sources are flagged SERENDIP_FIRST; this matching goes fainter than the equivalent for quasar target selection, and has no restriction on stellarity. Finally, SERENDIP_MANUAL targets are selected by hand, as the name implies. A wide variety of interesting objects have emerged from serendipity spectroscopic targets, ranging from highly unusual categories of white dwarfs to radio-loud broad absorption line quasars [Menou et al., 2001].

4.8.5  Calibration Targets

In addition to science targets, about 50 fibers out of each plate of 640 are assigned by target for calibration spectra. Since spectroscopy requires good sky subtraction, 32 of these calibration fibers are assigned to regions where the photometric pipeline detects no objects (in fact, the photometric pipeline outputs several such ``sky objects'' in each frame for this purpose). These sky fibers are distributed so that each bundle of 20 fibers contains one; this ensures that the sky fibers are reasonably uniformly distributed around the plate. In addition, 18 fibers per plate are assigned to standard stars of various sorts; eight are spectrophotometric standards, chosen to be F dwarfs, eight are reddening standards, chosen to be F subdwarfs, and two are hot subdwarfs (Table ). The spectrophotometric standards are also used in correcting the strong telluric water absorption bands in the red end of the science target spectra (the smoothness of the F subdwarf spectra make them ideal for this purpose). Conversely, the hot subdwarfs are useful for calibrating the blue end of the science target spectra. Finally, as their name implies, the reddening standards will be used for determining the reddening of our Galaxy.

Further details of the spectroscopic calibration process are discussed in § 4.10.1.

4.8.6  Target Culling

In regions of particularly poor seeing, the colors of stars were occasionally systematically off, especially when earlier versions of photo were used. This caused the target selection algorithms that select outliers in color-color space to choose an inordinate number of targets. We corrected for this by manually culling targets from the list.

In particular, target candidates were culled from run 752 (Target v2.2a) in 61 fields due to problems caused by poor seeing. In fields with 5 or more quasar candidates, we removed candidates which were not also selected as galaxy targets, in the following categories:

Similarly, target candidates in runs 94, 125 (Target v2.7) were culled from 52 fields. Additionally, all QSO_HIZ candidates in run 94 in camera column 6 were removed from the list. This was necessary due to a problem with the characterization of the point spread function in the version of the psp used at the time.

After the plates from run 94/125 were drilled, we discovered that many quasar candidates were targeted, due to an error in the target selection code. Spectra were collected for these targets, but they may be removed from quasar analyses by rejecting objects which satisfy the criterion: ,( 0.65 < u*-g* < 0.9)  (0.2 < g*-r* < 0.9).

4.9  Plate Definition

Once target selection has been completed, the spectroscopic plates need to be positioned and fibers assigned to targets. As noted above, although each plate can accommodate 640 fibers, about 50 of these are reserved for calibration targets, leaving around 590 fibers for science targets; for plates 266-315 the available number was 588 and for later plates the number was 592. As described in this section and in Table , a number of object types are potential spectroscopic science targets. However, only for some of these do we attempt to obtain a uniform and complete sample, the so-called ``tiled targets,'' as indicated in Table . Other science targets, such as most types of stars, ROSAT sources, serendipity targets, etc., are assigned leftover fibers according to a set of priorities after the plates are positioned and fibers are assigned to tiled targets.

To position the plates, we could simply place them on a uniform grid, but given the clustering of the galaxy targets which dominate the sample, this procedure would give some plates substantially more targets than available fibers, while others would have large numbers of extra fibers. To make best use of observing time, an algorithm based on cost-minimization [Blanton et al., 2001b] determines the optimal positioning of plate centers in order to maximize the number of tiled targets on which a fiber can be placed. This spaces plates more closely together in regions with a larger density of galaxies, increasing the completeness and efficiency of the spectroscopic survey. This process of optimally placing spectroscopic plates is referred to as tiling.

Due to the finite diameter of the fibers and their cladding, fibers cannot be placed more closely than 55 arcsec from one another. For each group of targets within 55¢¢, we put fibers on the largest possible set of the highest priority objects; in case there is a tie, we decide on the competing configurations based on the next highest priority objects, and so on. Brown dwarf and hot standard star targets have priority over quasar targets, which have priority over luminous red galaxies and main sample galaxies. The priorities of each object are stored in a parameter priority; a higher value means higher priority. This procedure means that if two objects of the same priority are within 55¢¢, one is rejected at random. Roughly 8-9% of targeted objects are not targeted for this reason, in regions covered by a single plate. In regions of plate overlap, of course, both objects in such a close pair can be targeted; about 30% of the sky is covered by such overlaps. Finally, there is another constraint, which is that no fiber can be placed within 100¢¢ of the center of a plate; this excludes a very small number of targets.

Due to an error in an early version of the tiling pipeline, for the earliest plates (266-315) three gaps were left in the assignment of fibers to tiled targets. Because of the nature of the bug, these occurred in regions where plates overlapped; also, they unfortunately tended to occur in the densest regions. They occurred in the overlaps between plates 270 and 271, plates 312 and 313, and plates 314 and 315.

The bookkeeping of the tiling results has not been provided in this data release, including whether a fiber was eliminated due to a collision and whether it was originally targeted in the ``drilling'' version of the data reductions. Future data releases will include this information. However, it is possible to evaluate the completeness from the data itself by calculating the fraction of each target type (as determined in the released version of the reductions) which have spectra; simply be careful to include the effect of fiber collisions. We have determined that for South Equatorial Stripe and the SIRTF First Look Field, the effective flux limit for the main galaxy sample is about r*=17.5; for the North Equatorial Stripe, the effective flux limit is about r*=17.6. Finally, because there may be incompleteness in regions covered by one observed plate and one unobserved plate, it is important to know the locations of the unobserved plates when evaluating the window function of the survey. Thus, we include in Table the locations of plates not released here.

As discussed above in § 4.8.6, we found that target selection did poorly in a few regions of sky of particularly bad seeing, especially with earlier versions of the imaging pipelines. The symptom was typically an excessive number of quasar candidates due to poor photometry. We were forced in a few regions therefore to cull the spectroscopic targets.

4.10  Spectroscopic Pipelines

The spectroscopic pipelines, spectro2d and spectro1d, reduce the two-dimensional spectrograms produced by the spectrographs to flux- and wavelength-calibrated spectra, and then measure emission and absorption features, classify the spectra, and measure redshifts.

The spectro2d pipeline reduces the raw data and calibration images from the red and blue CCD cameras from each spectrograph and produces merged, co-added, calibrated spectra, noise estimates, and mask arrays (see Table ) for analysis by the spectro1d pipeline. All wavelengths are expressed in Å, and are vacuum wavelengths corrected to the heliocentric frame, while the flux density fl is in units of 10-17 erg cm-2 s-1 Å-1.

The spectro1d pipeline determines emission and absorption redshifts, classifies spectra by object type, and measure lines in each spectrum. The class specObj (Table ) contains parameters measured for the entire spectrum, as well as links to the Plate that the spectrum is from, the PhotoObj information for the object, and links to objects in Table : SpecLine, lines identified and measured; SpecLineName, names for the lines; SpecLineIndex, equivalent widths and redshifts; CrossCorrelationRedshift, measures of the cross correlation redshift; and EmissionRedshift, measures of the emission redshifts.

We also provide the flux- and wavelength-calibrated spectrum, the spectrum with continuum subtracted, and the estimate of the 1 s error per pixel, all in the units above, plus the mask array, as described in § 2.5.

4.10.1  Extraction and Calibration of Spectra

The spectro2d pipeline works in two stages. First, it reduces the data from each chip from each fifteen-minute exposure separately, and then it combines the results from each exposure.

After bias subtraction, each raw image is divided by a uniformly illuminated flat to take out pixel-to-pixel variations. The flat-field spectra (i.e., the flat-field observed through the fibers) are then traced on the CCD: for each fiber, the flat-field image centroid in column position is fit by a polynomial in row number. The flat-field spectra are optimally extracted, assuming a Gaussian profile for each one, simultaneously fitting a low-order polynomial to scattered light. These fits will also be used for the first-order object extraction of the science and arc frames, allowing for small offsets. The arc lamp spectra are extracted as well and centroids of the lines are measured, to which we fit a fifth-order Legendre polynomial.

The flat-field spectra are then wavelength-calibrated, normalized, and combined to form a ``superflat'' for each spectrograph camera, by stacking the 320 normalized flat-field spectra and performing an iterative least-squares bspline fit with outlier rejection on this 320 ×2048 oversampled dataset to obtain an effectively continuous function. For each fiber, the superflat is resampled at every pixel and divided into the extracted flat-field spectrum to form the ``fiber flat.'' In this way, flat-field variations between fibers are removed, as are small-scale features in the wavelength dependence of the system response.

For the science exposures, the object and sky fibers are spatially traced, with tweaking from the flat-field trace, and optimally extracted. In the extraction, the Gaussian fiber profile fitting can also be tweaked from the fiber-flat image. Scattered light is removed by a fourth order Chebyshev polynomial fit. Outlying pixels are rejected and masked. The extracted spectra are then flat-fielded by dividing by the fiber flats, and the wavelength solution is applied, using a vacuum wavelength scale, adjusting slightly to match the known positions of certain sky lines, and correcting to the heliocentric frame. The wavelength calibration is accurate to of order 10 km s-1 or better.

As with the flats, an oversampled ``supersky'' is constructed from the 32 sky fibers per plate. For each fiber, the supersky is resampled at every pixel in the object spectrum and subtracted.

Telluric absorption in four wavelength regions in the red spectra is removed using spectrophotometric and reddening standard stars: these are used to construct four ``superTelluric'' spectra using the bspline fitting procedure.

Next, spectro2d performs a spectrophotometric flux calibration of the individual exposures: the counts in each exposure are placed on the same scale, and the wavelength scale is rebinned to a simple polynomial in log l.

If a smear exposure exists, the counts in each exposure are corrected to match a low-order fit to the smear counts; this corrects for light which falls outside the 3¢¢ fiber aperture because of seeing, guiding errors, and atmospheric refraction. However, since the smear exposure procedure was implemented part way through commissioning, many of the plates included in the EDR do not have smear exposures (see Table ).

Next, the spectra are flux-calibrated by matching the counts in the mean of the high S/N spectra of the spectrophotometric and reddening standards on the plate, and equating this to the synthetic composite F8 subdwarf spectrum from Pickles (1998). This is placed on an absolute scale by matching the synthesized r* fiber magnitudes of these stars to the SDSS photometry14. This procedure removes the instrument response as a function of wavelength in each spectrograph camera. The absolute accuracy of the spectrophotometry is not well-measured at this point, but can probably be trusted to 20% for point sources when smear exposures are available. Note that for extended sources (galaxies), the smear technique effectively corrects the spectrophotometry to a 5¢¢×8¢¢ aperture; in the presence of spectral gradients (e.g., nuclear emission lines), the results may be difficult to interpret.

Finally, for each object, the individual science frames, both red and blue halves, are stacked and fit with the iterative bspline, with inverse variance weighting. In the process, outliers due to cosmic rays are rejected and masked, and errors in the fluxes estimated. The combined, merged spectra are resampled in constant velocity pixels (logl), with a pixel scale of 69 km sec-1. If possible, exposures on multiple nights are combined. If a plate is re-plugged, however, only the exposures with a given plugging are combined.

Mask bits are set for each pixel of the reduced spectra, as described in Table . Two masks are given for the final combined spectra, the bits in the OR mask set if the relevant flag was set in any of the individual exposures entering the combination, while the AND mask indicates that the flag was set in all of the exposures for that pixel. For most purposes, one should examine the OR mask to be safe. Pixels flagged FULLREJECT, NOSKY, NODATA, or BRIGHTSKY, or those with error set to identically zero are likely to be corrupted. Many of these are due to bad columns on the CCD's, or cross-talk from very bright objects in neighboring fibers (see the flag NEARWHOPPER).

On occasion, the spectra exhibit unphysical wiggles due to problems in the spectrophotometry, especially in the region of the dichroic split ( ~ 6000Å); this will be improved in future releases.

4.10.2  Measuring Spectra

The spectro1d pipeline analyzes the combined, merged spectra output by spectro2d and determines object classifications (galaxy, quasar, star, or unknown) and redshifts; it also provides various line measurements and warning flags.

The code attempts to measure an emission and absorption redshift independently for every targeted (non-sky) object. That is, to avoid biases, the absorption and emission codes operate independently, and they both operate independently of any target selection information.

The spectro1d pipeline performs a sequence of tasks for each object spectrum on a plate: The spectrum and error array are read in, along with the pixel mask. Pixels with mask bits set to FULLREJECT, NOSKY, NODATA, or BRIGHTSKY are given no weight in the spectro1d routines. The continuum is then fit with a 5th order polynomial, with iterative rejection of outliers (e.g., strong lines). The fit continuum is subtracted from the spectrum. The continuum-subtracted spectra are used for cross-correlating with the stellar templates.

Emission lines (peaks in the 1d spectrum) are found by carrying out a wavelet transform of the continuum-subtracted spectrum fc(l):
w(a,b) =  1

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fc(l)
-
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 l- a

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where g(x;a,b) is the wavelet (with complex conjugate [`g]) with translation and scale parameters a, b. We apply the à trous wavelet [Stark et al., 1997]. For fixed wavelet scale b, the wavelet transform is computed at each pixel center a; the scale b is then increased in geometric steps and the process repeated. Once the full wavelet transform is computed, the code finds peaks above a threshold and eliminates multiple detections (at different b) of a given line by searching nearby pixels. The output of this routine is a set of positions of candidate emission lines.

This list of lines with non-zero weights is matched against a list of common galaxy and quasar emission lines given in Table , many of which were measured from the composite quasar spectrum of Vanden Berk et al. [2001] (due to velocity shifts of different lines in quasars, the wavelengths listed don't necessarily match their rest-frame values). Each significant peak found by the wavelet routine is assigned a trial line identification from the common list (e.g., ) and an associated trial redshift. The peak is fit with a Gaussian, and the line center, width, and height above the continuum are stored in the SpecLine class as parameters wave, sigma, and height, respectively. If the code detects close neighboring lines, it fits them with multiple Gaussians. Depending on the trial line identification, the linewidth it tries to fit is physically constrained. The code then searches for the other expected common emission lines at the appropriate wavelengths for that trial redshift and computes a Confidence Level (CL) by summing over the weights of the found lines and dividing by the summed weights of the expected lines. The CL is penalized if the different line centers do not quite match. Once all the trial line identifications/redshifts have been explored, an emission line redshift is chosen as the one with the highest CL, and stored as z in the EmissionRedshift class. The exact expression for the emission line CL has been tweaked to match our empirical success rate in assigning correct emission line redshifts, based on manual inspection of a large number of spectra from the EDR (§ 4.10.3).

The SpecLine class also gives the errors, continuum, equivalent width, c2, spectral index, and significance of each line, in parameters listed in Table . We caution that the emission line measurement for Ha should only be used if c2dof < 2.5. In the SpecLine class, ``found'' lines denote only those lines used to measure the emission line redshift, while ``measured'' lines are all lines in the emission line list (Table ) measured at the redshifted positions appropriate to the final redshift assigned to the object.

A separate routine searches for high-redshift (z > 2.3) quasars by identifying spectra that contain a Lya forest signature: a broad emission line with more fluctuation on the blue side than on the red side of the line. The routine outputs the wavelength of the Lya emission line; while this allows a determination of the redshift, it is not a high-precision estimate, because the Lya line is intrinsically broad and affected by Lya absorption. The spectro1d pipeline stores this as an additional emission-line redshift. This redshift information is stored in the EmissionRedshift class (Table ), which includes an association to an object in the SpecObj class. Thus one SpecObj can have one or two EmissionRedshift objects associated with it.

If the highest CL emission line redshift uses lines only expected for quasars (e.g., Lya, , ]; see Table  ), then the object is provisionally classified as a quasar. If any of the identified lines is broader than 500 km sec-1 (FWHM), then the object is also provisionally classified as a quasar for the EDR. We expect that this threshold will change in future data releases. These provisional classifications will hold up if the final redshift assigned to the object (see below) agrees with its emission redshift.

The spectra are cross-correlated with stellar, emission-line galaxy, and quasar template spectra to determine a cross-correlation redshift and error. The cross-correlation templates are obtained from SDSS commissioning spectra of high S/N, and comprise roughly one for each stellar spectral type from B to almost L, a non-magnetic and a magnetic white dwarf, an emission line galaxy, a composite LRG spectrum, and a composite quasar spectrum (from ). The composites are based on co-additions of ~ 2000 spectra each. The template redshifts are determined by cross-correlation with a large number of stellar spectra from SDSS observations of the M67 star cluster, whose radial velocity is precisely known.

When an object spectrum is cross-correlated with the stellar templates, its found emission lines are masked out; i.e., the redshift is derived from the absorption features. The cross-correlation routine follows the technique of Tonry & Davis [1979]: the continuum-subtracted spectrum is Fourier-transformed and convolved with the transform of each template. For each template, the three highest Cross-Correlation Function (CCF) peaks are found, fit with parabolas, and output with their associated confidence limits (CLs). The corresponding redshift errors are given by the widths of the CCF peaks. The cross-correlation CLs are empirically calibrated as a function of peak level based on manual inspection of a large number of spectra from the EDR. The final cross-correlation redshift is then chosen as the one with the highest CL from among all the templates.

If there are discrepant high-CL cross-correlation peaks, i.e., if the highest peak has CL < 0.99 and the next highest peak corresponds to a CL that is greater than 70% of the highest peak, then the code extends the cross-correlation analysis for the corresponding templates to lower wavenumber and includes the continuum in the analysis, i.e., it chooses the redshift based on which template provides a better match to the continuum shape of the object. These flagged spectra are then manually inspected (see below).

The cross-correlation redshift is stored as z in the CrossCorrelationRedshift class.

The spectro1d pipeline assigns a final redshift to each object spectrum by choosing the emission or cross-correlation redshift with the highest CL, and stores this as z in the SpecObj class. A redshift status bitmask (zStatus) and a redshift warning bitmask ( zWarning) are stored, with bitmask values given in Table . The CL is stored in zConf. Objects with redshifts determined manually (see below) have CL set to 0.95 (MANUAL_HIC set in zStatus ), or 0.4 or 0.65 (both MANUAL_LOC set in zStatus). Rarely, objects have the entire red or blue half of the spectrum missing; such objects have their CLs reduced by a factor of 2, so they are automatically flagged as having low confidence, and the mask bits Z_WARNING_NO_BLUE or Z_WARNING_NO_RED are set in zWarning as appropriate.

All objects are classified (in specClass) as either a quasar, high-z quasar, galaxy, star, late-type star, or unknown. If the object has been identified as a quasar by the emission line routine, and if the emission line redshift is chosen as the final redshift, then the object retains its quasar classification. Also, if the quasar cross-correlation template provides the final redshift for the object, then the object is classified as a quasar. If the object has a final redshift z > 2.3 (so that Lya is or should be present in the spectrum), and if at least 2 out of 3 redshift estimators agree on this (the 3 estimators being the emission-line, Lya, and cross-correlation redshifts), then it is classified as a high-z quasar. If the object has a redshift cz < 450 km sec-1, then it is classified as a star. If the final redshift is obtained from one of the late-type stellar cross-correlation templates, it is classified as a late-type star. If the object has a cross-correlation CL < 0.25, it is classified as unknown.

There exist among the spectra a small number of composite objects. Most common are bright stars on top of galaxies, but there are also galaxy-galaxy pairs at distinct redshifts, and at least one galaxy-quasar pair, and one galaxy-star pair. Most of these have the zWarning flag set, indicating that more than one redshift was found.

For all objects, Gaussians are fit at the positions of all expected emission lines in the reference list (see Table ), not just the common lines, and their parameters are stored in the class SpecLineIndex (Table ).

For galaxies, we compute in the rest frame: the equivalent width, magnitude, and their errors of a number of standard line indices, which are useful for stellar population, age, and metallicity measures. These are stored in ew, ewErr, mag, and magErr in the class SpecLineIndex. The equivalent width and magnitude are not corrected for velocity dispersion. We only recommend the use of these line indices for stellar population studies for galaxy spectra with good signal to noise ratio: sn[0] of class SpecObj should be greater than 30.

A complete list of the lines we measure is available on our web sites. They were gathered from the following sources:

We also calculate a measure of the strength of the 4000Å break as the ratio of the flux from 3751-3951Å to the flux from 4051-4251Å, and the ratio of the strength of the Ca K and H lines, as integrated from 3921-3946Å and 3956-3981Å, respectively. These are also stored as ``lines'' in the class SpecLineIndex, with the flux ratio stored in the parameter ew. This flux ratio is used as a sanity check on the spectra. If the break is in the wrong direction (flux decreasing with increasing l), or if the flux ratio is greater than 0.95, the Z_WARNING_4000BREAK bit is set in zWarning.

Finally, galaxies are classified by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (, as extended by ), using cross-correlation with eigentemplates constructed from early SDSS spectroscopic data. The 5 eigencoefficients and a classification number are stored in eCoeff and eClass, respectively, in the SpecObj class. eClass ranges from about -0.35 to 0.5 for early- to late-type galaxies.

In future data releases, we expect to implement more detailed stellar spectral classification based on a larger set of stellar templates. The velocity dispersion of each galaxy is currently a placeholder. It will be calculated and stored in a future release.

The zWarning bitmask mentioned above records problems that the spectro1d pipeline found with each spectrum. It provides compact information about the spectra for end users, and it is also used to trigger manual inspection of a subset of spectra on every plate. The bitmasks are listed in Table . Users should particularly heed warnings about parts of the spectrum missing, low signal-to-noise ratio in the spectrum, significant discrepancies between the various measures of the redshift, and especially low confidence in the redshift determination. In addition, redshifts for objects with zStatus = FAILED should not be used.

A small percentage of spectra on every plate are inspected manually and, if necessary, the redshift, classification, zStatus, and CL are corrected. We inspect those spectra that have zWarning or zStatus indicating that there were multiple high-confidence cross-correlation redshifts, that the redshift was high (z > 3.2 for quasar or z > 0.5 for a galaxy), that the confidence was low, that signal-to-noise ratio was low in r, or that the spectrum was not measured. All objects with zStatus = EMLINE_HIC or EMLINE_LOC, i.e., for which the redshift was determined only by emission lines, are also examined. If, however, the object has a final CL > 0.98 and zStatus of either XCORR_EMLINE or EMLINE_XCORR, then, despite the above, it is not manually checked. All objects with either specClass=SPEC_UNKNOWN or zStatus=FAILED are manually inspected.

Roughly 8% of the spectra in the EDR were thus inspected, of which about 1/8, or 1% overall, had the classification, redshift, zStatus, or CL manually corrected. Such objects are flagged with zStatus changed to MANUAL_HIC or MANUAL_LOC, depending on whether we had high or low confidence in the manual inspection classification and redshift. Tests on the validation plates, described in the next section, indicate that this selection of spectra for manual inspection successfully finds > 95% of the spectra for which the automated pipeline assigns an incorrect redshift.

4.10.3  Spectroscopic Pipelines Testing and Performance

In order to assess the performance of the spectroscopic pipelines, we determined the redshift and classification by hand of every spectrum on 39 plates from the EDR (a total of roughly 23,000 spectra). Comparing with the outputs of the pipeline, after manual correction following the procedure outlined above, we find that 99.7% of galaxies, 97.9% of quasars, and 99.1% of stars are correctly classified, and the redshifts are correct (to within a pixel or two as determined by eye) for 99.7% of the galaxies, 98.0% of the quasars, and 99.6% of the stars.

We have also compared outputs for plates observed with multiple pluggings, and have found that redshifts for galaxies in the main sample are reproducible to of order 30 km s-1. Finally, we have compared our redshifts to those found in the literature (e.g., LCRS; ), and find differences consistent with their and our quoted errors. A similar comparison with the ENACS survey [Katgert, 2001] shows a mean offset of ~ 40 ±20 km s-1, and a dispersion of order 90 km s-1, a large part of which can be accounted for by the ENACS estimated errors, which were confirmed with repeated measurements. A small number of redshifts from A119 have |Dz| > 0.002. These have been traced to possible problems with redshifts for several objects from a single ENACS pointing.

Richards et al. [2001a] and Schneider et al. [2001] compare SDSS quasar redshifts with those from NED, and find excellent agreement; in three cases, they found that the NED redshifts were wrong, but in no case was the NED redshift correct and the SDSS redshift wrong.

4.11  The Galaxy and Quasar Redshift Samples

We inspected the spectra of all EDR objects that were selected for reasons other than being a galaxy, or which were classified by the spectroscopic pipelines as not being a galaxy. Table  summarizes the number of quasars, galaxies, stars of various types, unknown objects, and spectra that are defective for some reason. We have prepared a catalog of all spectroscopically confirmed quasars in the EDR by visually inspecting all the spectra. This catalog is presented in Schneider et al. [2001], and is available on our web site.

Various spectroscopic samples may be constructed from the EDR. Table  summarizes the number of objects with spectra in four broad target samples: ``Main Galaxy'', ``Luminous Red Galaxy'', ``Main Quasar'', and ``High Redshift Quasar.'' In the table, we first list the number of targets selected in each class (as well as in all ``other'' samples), and then the number of spectra with high confidence and good status for the redshift determination, respectively. Finally, we list the number of objects classified as galaxy, quasar, and neither, for each of the samples.

Figures 4.11 and 4.11 show the redshift distributions for the galaxy and quasar samples, respectively. The contribution from each of the samples is shown, along with the distribution of all redshifts for classified spectra. Figures 4.11 and 4.11 are ``pie charts'' for objects from the equatorial data (runs 94/125 and 752/756).

fig_ZhistGlx_v2.gif

Figure 14: Redshift histogram for spectra classified as galaxies.

fig_ZhistQso_v2.gif

Figure 15: Redshift histogram for spectra classified as quasars.

fig_WedgeEqGal_v2.gif

Figure 16: Pie diagram of main galaxies and LRGs with spectra in the EDR. The annuli are labeled with the comoving distance, assuming L = 0.7, WM=0.3, and H0=100 km sec-1 Mpc-1.

fig_WedgeEqQso_v2.gif

Figure 17: Pie diagram of quasars in the EDR. The annuli are labeled with the comoving distance, assuming L = 0.7, WM=0.3, and H0=100 km sec-1 Mpc-1.

5  Beyond the Early Data Release

We encourage the active use of these data from the SDSS EDR. We have worked to make the data products as accurate as possible, but realize that some calibration or cataloging errors may have crept into our work. Feedback to the help desk set up at the STScI will allow us to evaluate the usefulness and correctness of these catalogs. As appropriate, we will update the calibration and contents of this early data release and announce these changes on the users' group mailing list and the SDSS web site.

The next data release of SDSS data is scheduled for January of 2003. It is scheduled to include at least 1,500 square degrees of imaging data and corresponding spectra.

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is a joint project of The University of Chicago, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Participation Group, The Johns Hopkins University, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics (MPA), New Mexico State University, Princeton University, the United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington. Apache Point Observatory, site of the SDSS telescopes, is operated by the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC).

Funding for the project has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the SDSS member institutions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, and the Max Planck Society. The SDSS Web site is http://www.sdss.org/.

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Latitude and Longitude 32\arcdeg 46\arcmin 49.3\arcsecN, 105\arcdeg 49\arcmin 13.5\arcsecW
Elevation 2788 meters
Survey Telescope 2.5 meter diameter, modified Ritchey-Chrétien design; 27% central obscuration
Survey Area NGP, 10,000 square degrees, minimal Galactic extinction
Plus three stripes in SGP
Instruments Imaging Camera and Two Double Spectrographs
Photometric Telescope 20-inch, with 1 CCD camera, filter wheel, and shutter
Photometric CCDs 30 2048 ×2048, SITe/Tektronix, 49.2 mm square
CCD Read Noise < 5 electrons per pixel (overall system is sky limited)
Image frame size (pixels) 2048×1361 pixels
Image frame size (arcmin) 13.52 ×8.98 arcminutes
Image column separation 25.17 arcminutes
Detector separation along column 17.98 arcminutes
Focal plane image scale 3.616 mm/arcmin
Detector image scale 3.636 mm/arcmin
Pixel Size and scale24 micron; 0.396 arcsec/pixel
Filters r i u z g scanned in that order, 71.7 seconds apart
Integration Time 54 seconds
Operating Mode Time Delay and Integrate (``Drift Scan'')
Field Distortion < 0.1 arcsec over whole field
Field Size 2.5
Flux Calibration Standard star fields at 15 intervals along scans,
tied to BD+17 4708, atmospheric extinction determined by PT.
Astrometric CCDs 22, 0.25 × 2 inch, above and below CCD columns,
r filter +3 mag ND filter, 10.5 sec. integration time
Channels One red, one blue for each spectrograph
CCDs SITe/Tektronix (as for imager)
Coverage 3800Å-6150Å (blue), 5800Å-9200Å (red), l/Dlapprox. 1800
No. of fibers 320×2
Fiber diameter 3 arcsec
Flux Calibration Standard stars in each field, tied to colors observed with camera
Integration time 45 minutes, in three exposures (nominal (S/N)2 per pixel > 15 at g*=20.2)
Pixel size 69 km s-1
Wavelength Calibration Hg, Cd & Ne arclamps, RMS error of 0.07 pixel (10 km s-1)
Flat field quartz lamps
Table 1: SDSS Equipment Summary

PSF-FWHM 1.2-2.3 arcsec
95% completeness limit for point source u*:22.0; g*:22.2; r*:22.2; i*:21.3; z*:20.5
Sky Coverage within Survey Area 98% (omitting areas around bright stars)
Photometric Calibration Errors for Point Sources u*:5%; g*:3%; r*:3%; i*:3%; z*:5%
Star-Galaxy Separation 95% correct at 21 magnitude in r*
Astrometric errors Absolute: < 100 mas; Relative < 50 mas
(both rms per coordinate)
Limiting magnitude S/N=4.5/pixel at lfl=10-13 ergs/cm2/sec
Error in galaxy redshifts Dz=0.0001 (approx. 30 km s-1)
Error in quasar redshifts Dz=0.001
Success rate, redshifts for galaxies > 99%
Success rate, redshifts for quasars 98%
Table 2: SDSS EDR Data Quality Summary

Run Strip Net Area (deg2) Location lambda eta Begin Field End Field
94 82N 83 RA = 351° - 56° [166°, -129°] -32.5° 104 544
125 82S 83 DEC = 0° 11 451
752 10S 114 RA = 145° - 236° [-40°, 51°] -32.5° 11 617
756 10N 114 DEC = 0° 196 802
1336 42N 16 RA: 257°, DEC: 59° [23°, 36°] 47.5° 11 95
1339 42S 16 11 95
1356 43N 17 RA: 261°, DEC: 60° [22.8°,35.8°] 50° 20 113
1359 43S 19 19 113
Total 462
The lambda coordinate wraps at 180° º -180°

Table 3: Early Data Release Imaging Data

Tile ID Plate ID Date CompletedRA (°)DEC (°) (S/N)2 at g*=20.2 Smear Exposure
(MJD)per pixelIncluded?
122 266 51630 145.8928 0.0613 33.8 No
121 267 51608 147.7332 -0.0307 31.1 No
120 268 51633 149.0618 0.0797 33.1 No
119 269 51910 150.6295 0.0000 22.8 Yes
118 270 51909 152.4607 0.0061 29.4 No
117 271 - 154.2643 0.0245 - -
116 272 51941 156.0189 0.0184 24.8 No
115 273 51957 157.9021 0.0092 17.9 No
114 274 51913 159.7487 0.0184 65.7 Yes
113 275 51910 161.4664 -0.0061 37.3 Yes
112 276 51909 163.3804 0.0429 47.1 Yes
111 277 51908 165.2300 0.0061 28.3 Yes
110 278 51900 167.0275 0.0276 47.1 Yes
109 279 - 168.8618 -0.0061 - -
108 280 - 170.4477 0.1655 - -
107 281 51614 171.8773 0.1104 40.8 No
106 282 51658 173.7698 -0.1196 33.8 No
105 283 51959 175.9750 -0.0031 28.6 No
104 284 51943 177.9810 -0.0644 27.8 No
103 285 51930 179.5608 -0.0153 44.0 Yes
102 286 51999 181.3061 0.0092 16.5 No
101 287 52023 183.1557 0.0184 24.9 No
100 288 52000 184.8459 -0.0184 20.5 No
99 289 51990 186.7078 -0.0184 22.7 No
98 290 51941 188.9313 0.0307 20.4 No
97 291 51928 190.7257 -0.0368 31.8 Yes
96 292 51609 192.5814 -0.0245 21.4 No
95 293 51689 194.4555 0.0031 22.1 No
94 294 51986 196.5075 0.0889 22.8 No
93 295 51985 198.0996 -0.0184 17.3 No
92 296 51665 199.8694 0.0674 17.3 No
91 297 51959 201.5658 -0.0061 22.0 Yes
90 298 - 203.4644 -0.0061 - -
89 299 51671 205.3569 0.0061 31.9 No
88 300 51666 207.2249 -0.0123 23.4 No
87 301 51942 209.6201 -0.0552 30.9 Yes
86 302 51688 211.7208 -0.0490 22.9 No
85 303 51615 213.4171 0.0674 24.2 No
84 304 51609 214.5129 0.0000 17.8 Yes
83 305 51613 216.3073 0.0337 24.2 No
82 306 51637 217.8810 -0.0828 30.1 No
81 307 51663 219.7244 0.0552 24.9 No
80 308 51662 221.6415 -0.0613 28.2 No
79 309 51994 223.6321 0.0245 32.0 No
78 310 51990 225.8618 0.0061 18.1 No
77 311 51665 227.2822 0.0245 22.5 No
76 312 51689 229.0766 0.0245 20.5 No
75 313 51673 230.9047 -0.0215 22.7 No
74 314 51641 232.7451 0.0123 16.3 No
73 315 51663 234.5733 -0.0031 18.6 No
97 324 51666 190.7257 -0.0368 20.6 No
148 349 51699 254.1442 63.6530 47.4 No
149 350 51691 258.4975 65.1336 21.8 No
150 351 51780 255.9522 61.6193 22.0 No
151 352 51694 260.0012 63.0373 19.9 No
152 353 51703 257.5362 59.5647 37.1 No
153 354 51792 261.3024 60.9272 15.4 Yes
154 355 51788 258.9371 57.4932 28.9 No
155 356 - 262.4414 58.8061 - -
156 357 - 260.1872 55.4078 - -
157 358 51818 263.4490 56.6762 26.5 Yes
158 359 51821 261.3115 53.3110 18.9 Yes
159 360 51816 264.3484 54.5390 21.6 Yes
159 362 51999 264.3484 54.5390 27.9 No
74 363 51989 232.7451 0.0123 30.1 No
155 366 52017 262.4414 58.8061 18.4 No
156 367 51997 260.1872 55.4078 51.2 No
171 382 - 349.2559 0.0289 - -
172 383 51818 351.2021 0.1141 28.3 Yes
173 384 51821 353.2949 -0.0398 25.6 Yes
174 385 51877 355.3896 0.0444 52.4 No
175 386 51788 357.6322 0.0540 16.6 No
176 387 51791 359.8243 0.0243 35.3 Yes
177 388 51793 1.8246 -0.0050 18.4 Yes
178 389 51795 3.5598 -0.0248 26.3 No
179 390 51900 5.2229 -0.0332 53.3 Yes
180 391 51782 6.9964 0.0453 18.7 No
181 392 51793 8.8956 -0.0021 26.9 Yes
182 393 51794 10.8188 0.0369 23.6 Yes
183 394 51876 12.7276 -0.0330 38.7 Yes
184 395 51783 14.6091 0.0160 22.3 No
185 396 51816 16.4703 -0.0038 30.0 Yes
186 397 51794 18.2698 0.0185 29.0 Yes
187 398 51789 19.8354 0.0022 26.4 Yes
188 399 51817 21.6700 0.0376 28.3 Yes
189 400 51820 23.6367 0.0915 24.9 Yes
190 401 51788 25.8247 -0.0208 23.2 No
191 402 51793 27.9064 0.0018 28.6 Yes
192 403 51871 29.8199 0.0102 24.8 Yes
193 404 51812 31.6460 -0.0352 24.8 Yes
194 405 51816 33.6829 -0.0329 20.2 Yes
195 406 51817 35.8830 0.1250 30.4 Yes
196 407 51820 37.8460 -0.0594 30.4 Yes
197 408 51821 39.8224 0.0369 26.4 Yes
198 409 51871 41.9984 0.0040 33.5 Yes
199 410 51816 43.8616 -0.0170 24.0 Yes
200 411 51817 45.7871 -0.0168 26.3 Yes
201 412 51931 47.7341 0.0035 35.7 Yes
202 413 51929 49.6868 0.0153 33.2 Yes
203 414 51869 51.6314 -0.0118 39.7 Yes
204 415 51810 53.5228 0.0307 25.7 No
205 416 51811 55.4916 0.0138 38.6 Yes
Table 4: Early Data Release Spectroscopic Plates

Class

Description Table
PhotoObj Imaging parameters
  PhotoPrimary   Primary Detections
  PhotoSecondary   Secondary Detections
  PhotoFamily   Bright or Blended Detections
Tag Tag Imaging parameters
  Primary   Primary Detections
    Star     Primary Star Detections
    Galaxy     Primary Galaxy Detections
    Sky     Primary Sky Objects
    Unknown     Primary, unknown identification
  Secondary   Secondary Detections
    StarSecondary     Secondary Star Detections
    GalaxySecondary     Secondary Galaxy Detections
    SkySecondary     Secondary Sky Objects
    UnknownSecondary     Secondary, unknown identification
  Family   Bright or Blended Detections
ExternalCatalog Objects matched from other catalogs
  ROSAT   ROSAT sources
  FIRST   FIRST radio sources
  USNO   USNO-A sources
SpecObj Spectroscopic parameters
SpecLine Spectroscopic lines
SpecLineIndex Index for spectroscopic lines
CrossCorrelationRedshift Measured cross-correlation redshifts
EmissionRedshift Measured emission line redshifts
Statistics Number of entries in the database
Run Statistics from one imaging run
Chunk Statistics from interleaved pair of runs
Segment One of twelve camera columns within a chunk
Field Summary of measured parameters for one imaging field
Plate Summary of parameters for one spectroscopic plate
SDSSConstants Definition of the survey geometry

When indented, a class inherits all data members from the class listed above it.

Table 5: Summary of Database Classes

Name

Type Description In Tag?

Class PhotoObj:
[4pt]

objID;id_;object_ID;obj_ID

int64 The unique identifier for SDSS photometric objects. Y
A bit-encoded integer of run,rerun,camcol,field,objid.
object;id;objid int32 The object id within a field (1-indexed) N
Usually changes between reruns of the same field.
nChild;nchild;nChildren int32 Number of children if a deblended object. Y
BRIGHT objects also have nchild = 1, the non-BRIGHT sibling.
objType;objc_type;objtype int32 Classification of the object. Y

0=OBJ_TYPE_UNK
Unknown

1=OBJ_TYPE_CR
Cosmic ray

2=OBJ_TYPE_DEFECT
Defect

3=OBJ_TYPE_GALAXY
Galaxy

4=OBJ_TYPE_GHOST
Ghost

5=OBJ_TYPE_KNOWNOBJ
Known object

6=OBJ_TYPE_STAR
Star

7=OBJ_TYPE_TRAIL
Star trail

8=OBJ_TYPE_SKY
Sky
catID;catid;cat_ID int32 Catalog ID. Not used. N
objFlags;objc_flags;flag1; int64 Detection flags. See Table  Y
objFlags2;objc_flags2;flag2 See Table 
rowC;objc_rowc;objRowc float32 Row center position - r coordinates. (pixels) Y
rowCErr;objc_rowcErr; float32 Row center position error - r coordinates. (pixels) N
objRowcErr
colC;objc_colc;objColc float32 Column center position - r coordinates. (pixels) Y
colCErr;objc_colcErr; float32 Column center position error - r coordinates. (pixels) N
objColcErr
rowV;rowv float32 Row-component of object's velocity. (deg/day) N
rowVErr;rowvErr float32 Error in row-component of object's velocity. (deg/day) N
colV;colv float32 Column-component of object's velocity. (deg/day) N
colVErr;colvErr float32 Error in column-component of object's velocity. (deg/day) N
row;rowc float32[5] Row center. (pixels) N
rowErr;rowcErr float32[5] Row center error. (pixels) N
col;colc float32[5] Column center. (pixels) N
colErr;colcErr float32[5] Column center error. (pixels) N
sky float32[5] Sky flux at center of object. (asinh mags/arcsec2) N
skyErr float32[5] Sky flux error. (asinh mags/arcsec2) N
psfMag;psfCounts float32[5] PSF flux. (asinh mags) Y
psfMagErr;psfCountsErr float32[5] PSF flux error. (asinh mags) N
fiberMag;fiberCounts float32[5] Flux in 3 arcsec diameter fiber radius. (asinh mags) Y
fiberMagErr;fiberCountsErr float32[5] Error in 3-arcsec fiber flux. (asinh mags) N
petroMag;petroCounts float32[5] Petrosian flux. (asinh mags) Y
petroMagErr;petroCountsErr float32[5] Petrosian flux error. (asinh mags) N
petroRad float32[5] Petrosian radius. (arcsec) Y
petroRadErr float32[5] Petrosian radius error. (arcsec) N
petroR50 float32[5] Radius containing 50% of Petrosian flux. (arcsec) Y
Note: Only petroR50[2] is in Tag Classes
petroR50Err float32[5] (placeholder) N
petroR90 float32[5] Radius containing 90% of Petrosian flux. (arcsec) Y
Note: Only petroR90[2] is in Tag Classes
petroR90Err float32[5] (placeholder) N
q;Q float32[5] Stokes Q parameter. N
qErr;QErr;Q_err float32[5] Stokes Q parameter error. N
u;U float32[5] Stokes U parameter. N
uErr;UErr;U_err float32[5] Stokes U parameter error. N
isoRowC;iso_rowc;isoRowc float32[5] Isophotal row centroid. (pixels) N
isoRowCErr;iso_rowcErr; float32[5] Isophotal row centroid error. (pixels) (placeholder) N
isoRowcErr
isoRowCGrad;iso_rowcGrad; float32[5] Gradient in row centroid with isophote. N
isoRowcGrad (pixels/(1 mag/arcsec2 SB change) at object center)
isoColC;iso_colc;isoColc float32[5] Isophotal column centroid. (pixels) N
isoColCErr;iso_colcErr; float32[5] Isophotal column centroid error. (pixels) (placeholder) N
isoColcErr
isoColCGrad;iso_colcGrad; float32[5] Gradient in column centroid with isophote. N
isoColcGrad (pixels/(1 mag/arcsec2 SB change) at object center)
isoA;iso_a float32[5] Isophotal major axis. (arcsec) N
isoAErr;iso_aErr float32[5] Isophotal major axis error. (arcsec) (placeholder) N
isoB;iso_b float32[5] Isophotal minor axis. (arcsec) N
isoBErr;iso_bErr float32[5] Isophotal minor axis error. (arcsec) (placeholder) N
isoAGrad;iso_aGrad float32[5] Gradient in major axis with isophote. N
(arcsec/(1 mag/arcsec2 SB change) at isophote)
isoBGrad;iso_bGrad float32[5] Gradient in minor axis with isophote. N
(arcsec/(1 mag/arcsec2 SB change) at isophote)
isoPhi;iso_phi float32[5] Isophotal position angle. (degrees (+N thru E)) N
isoPhiErr;iso_phiErr float32[5] Isophotal position angle error. (degrees) (placeholder) N
isoPhiGrad;iso_phiGrad float32[5] Gradient in positional angle with isophote. N
(degrees/(1 mag/arcsec2 SB change) at isophote)
deVRad;r_deV float32[5] deVaucouleurs fit scale radius. (arcsec) N
deVRadErr;r_deVErr float32[5] deVaucouleurs fit scale radius error. (arcsec) N
deVaB;ab_deV float32[5] deVaucouleurs fit a/b. N
deVaBErr;ab_deVErr float32[5] deVaucouleurs fit a/b error. N
deVPhi;phi_deV float32[5] deVaucouleurs fit position angle. (degrees (+N thru E)) N
deVPhiErr;phi_deVErr float32[5] deVaucouleurs fit position angle error. (degrees) N
deVMag;counts_deV;deVCounts float32[5] deVaucouleurs mag fit. (asinh mags) N
deVMagErr;counts_deVErr; float32[5] deVaucouleurs mag fit error. (asinh mags) N
deVCountsErr
expRad;r_exp float32[5] Exponential fit scale radius. (arcsec) N
expRadErr;r_expErr float32[5] Exponential fit scale radius error. (arcsec) N
expAB;ab_exp float32[5] Exponential fit a/b. N
expABErr;ab_expErr float32[5] Exponential fit a/b error. N
expPhi;exp_phi float32[5] Exponential fit position angle. (degrees (+N thru E)) N
expPhiErr;exp_phiErr float32[5] Exponential fit position angle error. (degrees) N
expMag;counts_exp;expCounts float32[5] Exponential fit. (asinh mags) N
expMagErr;counts_expErr; float32[5] Exponential fit error. (asinh mags) N
expCountsErr
modelMag;counts_model;modelCounts float32[5] Better of DeV/Exp mag fit. (asinh mags) N
modelMagErr;counts_modelErr; float32[5] Better of DeV/Exp mag fit error. (asinh mags) N
modelCountsErr
texture float32[5] Texture parameter (placeholder). N
lStar;star_L float32[5] Star log likelihood Y
Note: lStar_r;star_L_r in Tag Classes
lExp;exp_L float32[5] Exponential disk fit log likelihood. Y
Note: lExp_r;exp_L_r in Tag Classes
lDeV;deV_L float32[5] deVaucouleurs fit log likelihood. Y
Note: lDeV_r;deV_L_r in Tag Classes
fracPSF float32[5] Fraction of light in PSF (placeholder). N
flags;flags2 int64[5] Same as objFlags, but for each band. N
type int32[5] Same as objType, but for each band. N
status int32 Bit mask specifying the status of the object. Y
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_SET
Status has been set in reference to its own run.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_GOOD
Good as determined by its object flags.
Absence implies bad.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_DUPLICATE
This object has one or more duplicate detections in
an adjacent field of the same Frames Pipeline Run.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_OK_RUN
Located in the primary range of rows for this field.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_RESOLVED
This object has been resolved against other runs.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_PSEGMENT
Belongs to a PRIMARY segment.
Not neccessarily a primary object.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_FIRST_FIELD
Belongs to the first field in its segment.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_OK_SCANLINE
Lies within valid nu range for its scanline.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_OK_STRIPE
Lies within valid eta range for its stripe.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_SECONDARY
This is a secondary survey object.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_PRIMARY
This is a primary survey object.
AR_OBJECT_STATUS_TARGET
This is a spectroscopic target.
ra float64 J2000 right ascension (r). (degrees) Y
dec float64 J2000 declination (r). (degrees) Y
offsetRa float32[5] Filter-position RA minus final RA×cos(Dec). (arcsec) N
offsetDec float32[5] Filter-position Dec minus final Dec. (arcsec) N
primTarget int32 Bit mask specifying which primary target categories the Y
object was selected in. See Table  for bit definitions.
secTarget int32 Bit mask specifying which secondary target categories the Y
object was selected in. See Table  for bit definitions.
reddening float32[5] Reddening in each filter. (magnitudes) Y
priority uint32 Priority bits. N
rho float32 Surface brightness parameter (5 x log petro-rad_i). Y

Database-specific outputs
cx,cy,cz float64 Unit x,y,z-vector for RA+Dec. Y
htmID int64 Level 20 HTM ID Y
modelFluxID int32 KD-tree ID for flux space (model flux). Y
psfFluxID int32 KD-tree ID for flux space (PSF flux). Y
petroFluxID int32 KD-tree ID for flux space (Petrosian flux). Y
matchID int64[] List of the IDs of the matching objects. N
field;Field OneAssoc(Field) Link to the field that this object is in. Y
phototag;PhotoTag;tag OneAssoc(PhotoTag) Link to the tag object corresponding to this object. N
profile;Profile OneAssoc(Profile) Link to the profile parameters for this object. Y
externalcatalog;extern; ManyAssoc Link to external catalog associations, if any. Y
ExternalCatalog (ExternalCatalog)
specobj;SpecObj;spec ManyAssoc(SpecObj) Link to spectroscopic object associations, if any. Y
child ManyAssoc(PhotoObj) Link to the deblended children of this object, if any. Y
parent OneAssoc(PhotoObj) Link to the parent object if this object has been deblended. Y
secondary ManyAssoc(PhotoObj) Link to all secondaries of this object if it is a primary. Y
primary ManyAssoc(PhotoObj) Link to the primary object(s) if this object is a secondary.Y
seclist ManyAssoc(PhotoObj) Link to other secondary objects if this is a secondary. Y
Note: The above Assoc(PhotoObj) type data members are Assoc(PhotoTag) in Tag Classes
photoz;PhotoZ OneAssoc(PhotoZ) Link to the photometric redshift object (placeholder). Y
Note: The magnitudes below appear only in PhotoTag classes
u float64 Better of DeV/Exp mag fit. (asinh mags) Y
g float64 Better of DeV/Exp mag fit. (asinh mags) Y
r float64 Better of DeV/Exp mag fit. (asinh mags) Y
i float64 Better of DeV/Exp mag fit. (asinh mags) Y
z float64 Better of DeV/Exp mag fit. (asinh mags) Y
Class Profile:
The array of profile bins calculated for each photometric object
nProf;nprof int32[5] Number of radial bins
u;profMean_u float32[] Mean flux in annulus, u band (maggies/arcsec2)
g;profMean_g float32[] Mean flux in annulus, g band (maggies/arcsec2)
r;profMean_r float32[] Mean flux in annulus, r band (maggies/arcsec2)
i;profMean_i float32[] Mean flux in annulus, i band (maggies/arcsec2)
z;profMean_z float32[] Mean flux in annulus, z band (maggies/arcsec2)
uErr;profErr_u float32[] Error of mean flux in annulus, u band (maggies/arcsec2)
gErr;profErr_g float32[] Error of mean flux in annulus, g band (maggies/arcsec2)
rErr;profErr_r float32[] Error of mean flux in annulus, r band (maggies/arcsec2)
iErr;profErr_i float32[] Error of mean flux in annulus, i band (maggies/arcsec2)
zErr;profErr_z float32[] Error of mean flux in annulus, z band (maggies/arcsec2)
photoobj;PhotoObj;obj;pobj OneAssoc(sPhotoObj) Link to the photometric object

Table 6: Parameters associated with objects in imaging data

aperture

radius radius area
(pixels) (arcsec) (pixels)
1 0.56 0.23 1
2 1.69 0.68 9
3 2.58 1.03 21
4 4.41 1.76 61
5 7.51 3.00 177
6 11.58 4.63 421
7 18.58 7.43 1085
8 28.55 11.42 2561
9 45.50 18.20 6505
10 70.15 28.20 15619
11 110.50 44.21 38381
12 172.50 69.00 93475
13 269.50 107.81 228207
14 420.50 168.20 555525
15 657.50 263.00 1358149
Table 7: Radii for profMean and profErr Measurements

Hex Bit Flag Explanation
0x001 INTERP pixel's value has been interpolated
0x002 SATUR pixel is/was saturated
0x004 NOTCHECKED pixel was NOT examined for an object
0x008 OBJECT pixel is part of some object
0x010 BRIGHTOBJECT pixel is part of bright object
0x020 BINOBJECT pixel is part of binned object
0x040 CATOBJECT pixel is part of a catalogued object
0x080 SUBTRACTED model has been subtracted from pixel
0x100 GHOST pixel is part of a ghost
0x200 CR pixel is part of a cosmic ray
Table 8: Image Mask Bits

Name Hex Bit Description
BRIGHT 0x2 Object was detected in first, ``bright'' object-finding
step; generally brighter than r* = 17.5
SUBTRACTED 0x100000 This BRIGHT object had its wings subtracted from the frame
BINNED1 0x10000000 This object was detected in the 1×1, unbinned image.
BINNED2 0x20000000 This object was detected in the 2×2 binned image,
after unbinned detections are replaced by background.
BINNED4 0x40000000 This object was detected in the 4×4 binned image.
EDGE 0x4 Object was too close to edge of frame
LOCAL_EDGE 0x8000000000 Center in at least one band is too close to an edge.
SATUR 0x40000 The object contains one or more saturated pixels
SATUR_CENTER 0x80000000000 The object center is close to at least one saturated pixel.
BLENDED 0x8 Object had multiple peaks detected within it; was
thus a candidate to be a deblending parent
NODEBLEND 0x40 No deblending was attempted on this object, even though it is BLENDED.
DEBLEND_TOO_MANY_PEAKS 0x800 There were more than 25 peaks in this object to
deblend; deblended brightest 25
DEBLEND_PRUNED 0x4000000 At least one child was removed because its image was
too similar to a supposedly different child
PEAKS_TOO_CLOSE 0x2000000000 At least some peaks within this object were too close to be deblended, and
thus they were merged into a single peak.
DEBLEND_UNASSIGNED_FLUX 0x40000000000 After deblending, a significant fraction of flux was not assigned
to any children
DEBLENDED_AT_EDGE 0x200000000000 An object close enough to the edge of the frame that it normally
is not deblended is deblended anyway. Only set for objects large
enough to be EDGE in all fields/strips.
CHILD 0x10 Object is the product of an attempt to deblend a BLENDED object.
DEBLENDED_AS_PSF 0x2000000 The deblender treated this object as a PSF.
DEBLEND_NOPEAK 0x400000000000 There was no detected peak within this child in at least one band.
MOVED 0x80000000 The deblender identified this object as possibly moving.
DEBLENDED_AS_MOVING 0x100000000 A MOVED object that the deblender treated as moving
NODEBLEND_MOVING 0x200000000 A MOVED object that the deblender did not treat as moving
TOO_FEW_DETECTIONS 0x400000000 A child of this object was not detected in enough bands to reliably
deblend as moving
BAD_MOVING_FIT 0x800000000 The moving fit was too poor to be believable.
STATIONARY 0x1000000000 This object was consistent with being stationary.
BAD_MOVING_FIT_CHILD 0x20000000000 A possible moving child's velocity fit was too poor, so it was
discarded and the parent was not deblended as moving
TOO_FEW_GOOD_DETECTIONS 0x1000000000000 A child of this object had too few good detections to be deblended
as moving
PEAKCENTER 0x20 Given center is position of peak pixel, rather than
based on the maximum-likelihood estimator
CANONICAL_CENTER 0x1 Measurements used the center in r, rather than the locally determined center.
NOTCHECKED 0x80000 There are pixels in the object which were not checked
to see if they included a local peak, such as cores of saturated stars
MEDIAN_CENTRE 0x4000000000 Center given is of median-smoothed image
CENTER_OFF_AIMAGE 0x2000000000000 At least one peak's center lay off of the atlas image. This can
happen when the object is deblended as moving, or if the
astrometry is bad
NOPETRO 0x100 No valid Petrosian radius was found for this object.
MANYPETRO 0x200 More than one Petrosian radius was found.
NOPETRO_BIG 0x400 Petrosian radius is beyond the last point in the radial profile.
PETROFAINT 0x800000 At least one possible Petrosian radius was rejected as the
surface brightness at rP was too low. If NOPETRO isn't
set, a different, acceptable Petrosian radius was found.
MANYR50 0x2000 An object has more than one 50% light radius
MANYR90 0x4000 An object has more than one 90% light radius
BADSKY 0x400000 The sky level is so bad that the highest pixel in the object is
very negative; far more so than a mere non-detection.
No further analysis is attempted.
NOPROFILE 0x80 This object was too small or too close to the
edge to estimate a radial profile
TOO_LARGE 0x1000000 The object is too large for us to measure its profile (i.e.
it extends beyond a radius of approximately 260),
or at least one child is larger than half a frame
BAD_RADIAL 0x8000 Some of the points in the given radial profile have
negative signal-to-noise ratio. Not a significant parameter.
INCOMPLETE_PROFILE 0x10000 The Petrosian radius intersects the edge of the frame
ELLIPFAINT 0x8000000 The object's center is fainter than the isophote whose
shape is desired, so the isophote properties are not measured.
Also flagged if profile is incomplete.
CR 0x1000 Contains a pixel interpreted to be part of a cosmic ray.
INTERP 0x20000 The object contains one or more pixels whose values
were determined by interpolation
INTERP_CENTER 0x100000000000 The object center is close to at least one interpolated pixel.
PSF_FLUX_INTERP 0x800000000000 Greater than 20% of the PSF flux is from interpolated pixels.
BAD_COUNTS_ERROR 0x10000000000 An object containing interpolated pixels had too few good pixels
to form a reliable estimate of its error; the quoted error
may be underestimated
NOSTOKES 0x200000 No Stokes parameter was measured, either because of an
incomplete profile or numerical difficulties.

These flags get set both in each band, and, in some cases, for the object as a whole. A more thorough description of the flags and their meaning is available on our web sites.

Table 9: Processing flags associated with Measuring Objects in frames

Class ExternalCatalog:
External Object
delta float32 Position difference between catalog and r photo object (arcsec)
match int32 Match to different catalogs
USNO : 1 = match to catalog within 30"
FIRST: number of matches to catalog within 1.5"
ROSAT: 1 = match to catalog within 60"
type int16 Object match type
ROSAT_MATCH = 0
FIRST_MATCH = 1
USNO_MATCH = 2
phototag;PhotoTag;obj;pobj OneAssoc(PhotoTag) Link to photo tag object
Class FIRST:
SDSS objects that match to FIRST objects have their match parameters stored here.
Inherits everything from ExternalCatalog, plus has:
peak;firstPeak float32 Peak first radio flux (mJy)
integr;int;firstInt float32 Integrated first radio flux (mJy)
rms;firstRms float32 rms error in flux (mJy)
major;firstMajor float32 Major axis (deconvolved) (arcsec)
minor;firstMinor float32 Minor axis (deconvolved) (arcsec)
pa;firstPa float32 position angle (east of north) (degrees)
id;firstId int32 FIRST catalog id of one matching source
lambda float64 Composite radio source survey longitude (degrees)
eta float64 Composite radio source survey latitude (degrees)
Class ROSAT:
SDSS objects that match to Rosat objects have their match parameters stored here.
Inherits everything from ExternalCatalog, plus has:
cps;rosatCps float32 integrated ROSAT counts (counts/sec)
hard1;rosatHr1;hr1 float32 ROSAT hardness ratio 1
hard2;rosatHr2;hr2 float32 ROSAT hardness ratio 2
extent;rosatExt;ext float32 ROSAT extent parameter (arcsec)
exposure;rosatExposure float32 ROSAT exposure time (seconds)
posErr;rosatPosErr;poserr float32 Error in ROSAT position (arcsec)
cpsErr;rosatCpsErr;cpserr float32 Error in integrated ROSAT counts (counts/sec)
hard1Err;rosatHr1Err;hr1Err float32 Error in ROSAT hardness ratio 1
hard2Err;rosatHr2Err;hr2Err float32 Error in ROSAT hardness ratio 2
extentLike;rosatExtLike float32 ROSAT extent parameter likelihood
detectLike;rosatDetectLike float32 ROSAT detection likelihood
Class USNO:
SDSS objects that match to USNOA2.0 objects have their match parameters stored here.
Inherits everything from ExternalCatalog, plus has:
propermotion float32 Proper motion of object (arcsec/century)
angle;propermotionangle float32 Direction of proper motion (degrees (+N through E))
blue;usnoBlue float32 Blue magnitude of matching USNO object (mag)
red;usnoRed float32 Red magnitude of matching USNO object (mag)

Table 10: Image Parameters for Objects from External Catalogs

Class SpecObj:
Spectroscopic Object
specobj_ID;spec_ID int64 Unique ID
xFocal float64 X Focal position on plate (mm)
yFocal float64 Y Focal position on plate (mm)
fiberID int16 Fiber ID (1-640)
z float32 Final Redshift (heliocentric)
zErr;z_err float32 Redshift error
zConf;z_conf float32 Redshift confidence (between 0 and 1)
zStatus;z_status int16 Redshift status:

0=NOT_MEASURED
Not yet measured (sky or broken fiber)

1=FAILED
Redshift measurement failed; CL < 0.35

2=INCONSISTENT
x-corr & emz redshifts both CL > 0.75 but differ by > 0.1

3=XCORR_EMLINE
x-corr plus consistent emz redshift measurement

4=XCORR_HIC
z determined from x-corr with CL > 0.75

5=XCORR_LOC
z determined from x-corr with CL < 0.75

6=EMLINE_XCORR
Emz plus consistent xcorr redshift measurement

7=EMLINE_HIC
z determined from em-lines with CL > 0.75

8=EMLINE_LOC
z determined from em-lines with CL < 0.75

9=MANUAL_HIC
z determined "by hand" with high confidence

10=MANUAL_LOC
z determined "by hand" with low confidence

11=XCORR_4000BREAK
x-corr redshift determined when EW(4000Å break) > 0.95
specClass;spec_cln int16 Spectral classification:

0=SPEC_UNKNOWN
unknown

1=SPEC_STAR
star

2=SPEC_GALAXY
galaxy

3=SPEC_QSO
quasar

4=SPEC_HIZ_QSO
high redshift quasar; z > 2.3; triggers use of the Lya finding code

5=SPEC_SKY
sky

6=STAR_LATE
star dominated by molecular bands; M or later

7=GAL_EM
emission line galaxy (placeholder)
zWarning;z_warnin uint32 Bit mask for warning flags:

0x00000=Z_WARNING_OK
no warnings

0x00001=Z_WARNING_NO_SPEC
no spectrum

0x00002=Z_WARNING_NO_BLUE
no blue side spectrum

0x00004=Z_WARNING_NO_RED
no red side spectrum

0x00010=Z_WARNING_NOT_GAL
classification does not match galaxy target

0x00020=Z_WARNING_NOT_QSO
classification does not match quasar target

0x00040=Z_WARNING_NOT_STAR
classification does not match star target

0x00080=Z_WARNING_GAL_COEF
galaxy PCA coefficients far off locus (placeholder)

0x00100=Z_WARNING_EMAB_INC
emission and absorption z's inconsistent

0x00200=Z_WARNING_AB_INC
absorption redshifts inconsistent

0x00400=Z_WARNING_EM_INC
emission redshifts inconsistent

0x00800=Z_WARNING_HIZ
redshift is high

0x01000=Z_WARNING_LOC
confidence is low

0x02000=Z_WARNING_LOW_SNG
signal to noise is low in g

0x04000=Z_WARNING_LOW_SNR
signal to noise is low in r

0x08000=Z_WARNING_LOW_SNI
signal to noise is low in i

0x10000=Z_WARNING_4000BREAK
EW(4000Å break) > 0.95
velDisp;vel_dis float32 Velocity dispersion (km/s) (placeholder)
velDispErr;vel_dise float32 Velocity dispersion error (km/s) (placeholder)
eCoeff;ecoeff float32[5] Expansion coefficients for galaxies
eClass;eclass float32 Classification
nGood int32 Number of good pixels in spectrum
sn float32[3] Median S/N in g,r,i
mag float32[3] Synthetic magnitude in g*,r*,i*
ra float64 RA (degrees)
dec float64 Dec (degrees)
htmID int64 HTM ID
fiberCounts float32[5] Fiber magnitudes (asinh magnitudes)
objID int64 SDSS ID of object
primTarget int32 Primary target flag (Table )
secTarget int32 Secondary target flag
pixMin int16 Minimum pixel number
pixMax int16 Maximum pixel number
objType char[32] Object type as string
phototag;PhotoTag;obj;tag OneAssoc(PhotoTag) Link to corresponding photometric object
emissionredshift;elz;emz; ManyAssoc Link to the emission-line redshift measures
EmissionRedshift (EmissionRedshift)
crosscorrelationredshift; ManyAssoc Link to the redshifts from cross-correlations
CrossCorrelationRedshift; (CrossCorrelation-
xcorrz;xcz Redshift)
found ManyAssoc(SpecLine) Link to found spectral lines
measured ManyAssoc(SpecLine) Link to measured spectral lines
speclineindex;lineidx; ManyAssoc Link to spectral line indices
SpecLineIndex (SpecLineIndex)
plate;Plate OneAssoc(Plate) Link to corresponding plate object

Table 11: Parameters Derived from Spectra

Class SpecLine: (in observed frame)
Identified Spectroscopic Lines
specline_ID int64 Unique ID
wave float32 Line center (Å)
waveErr float32 Error in line center (Å)
waveMin float32 Minimum wavelength of line influence (Å)
waveMax float32 Maximum wavelength of line influence (Å)
sigma float32 Sigma of fitted gaussian (Å)
sigmaErr float32 Error of sigma (Å)
sigmaMin float32 Minimum sigma allowed by fit (Å)
sigmaMax float32 Maximum sigma allowed by fit (Å)
height float32 Height of gaussian (10-17 erg/s/cm2/Å)
heightErr float32 Error in height (10-17 erg/s/cm2/Å)
continuum float32 Continuum value at this pixel (10-17 erg/s/cm2/Å)
ew float32 Equivalent width (Å)
ewErr float32 Error in equivalent width (Å)
ewMin float32 Minimum equivalent width allowed for line detection (Å)
specIndex float32 Spectral index (not used)
nSigma float32 Significance of line number of sigma (not used)
chisq float32 c2 of fit
nu int16 Number of degrees of freedom
restWave float32 Line rest wavelength (Å)
weight float32 Weight of line in redshift determination
z float32 Redshift of line (heliocentric)
zErr float32 Error in redshift
lineMask uint32 Line mask (not used)
category int16 Category: Line found (0) or measured (1)
specobj;spec OneAssoc(SpecObj) Link to spectrum object
speclinename;linename;name OneAssoc(SpecLineName) Link to line name
Class SpecLineName:
Names of spectral lines
lineID int32 Line ID
restWave float32 Line rest wavelength (Å)
name char[16] Line name
Class SpecLineIndex: (in rest frame)
Spectral Indices
speclineindex_ID int64 Unique ID
name char[16] Name
ew float32 Equivalent width (Å) or flux ratio
ewErr float32 Equivalent width error (Å)
mag float32 Magnitude (2.5 log(EW)) of the line index
magErr float32 Magnitude error
waveMin float32 Minimum rest wavelength used to calculate the index
waveMax float32 Maximum rest wavelength used to calculate the index
z float32 Redshift
sn float32 Signal-to-noise ratio
specobj;spec OneAssoc(SpecObj) Link to spectrum object
Class CrossCorrelationRedshift:
Results of cross-correlation redshift measurement
crosscorrelationredshift_ID;xcz_ID int64 Unique ID
tempNo;temp_no int16 Template number
peakNo;peak_no int16 Peak number
shift float32 Number of pixels between object and template
z float32 Redshift from this peak
zErr;z_err float32 Error in redshift
r float32 Tonry & Davis r
zConf;con;conf;z_conf float32 Confidence
height float32 Height of CCF Peak
width float32 Width of CCF Peak
widthErr;width_err float32 Error in CCF width
delta float32 Error in CCF Peak
rms float32 RMS of CCF
specobj;spec OneAssoc(SpecObj) Link to spectrum object
Class EmissionRedshift:
Results of emission line redshift measurement
emissionredshift_ID;emz_ID int64 Unique ID
z float32 Redshift
zErr float32 Error in redshift
zConf float32 Confidence in redshift
nFit int32 Number of matched lines
wtFit;fitWeight float32 Weight of fit
specobj;spec OneAssoc(SpecObj) Link to spectrum object

Table 12: Spectroscopic Parameters: Lines and Redshifts

Hex Bit Flag Explanation
Flags set on the entire spectrum
0x001 NOPLUG Fiber not listed in plugmap file
0x002 BADTRACE Bad trace of flatfield
0x004 BADFLAT Low counts in fiberflat
0x008 BADARC Bad arc solution
0x010 MANYBADCOLUMNS > 10% of pixels are bad columns
0x020 MANYREJECTED > 10% of pixels are rejected in extraction
0x040 LARGESHIFT Large spatial shift between flat and object position
0x080 BADSKYFIBER Sky Fiber shows extreme residuals
0x100 NEARWHOPPER Within 2 fibers of a very bright object
0x400 SMEARIMAGE Smear available for red and blue cameras
0x800 SMEARHIGHSN S/N sufficient for full smear fit
0x1000 SMEARMEDSN S/N only sufficient for scaled median fit
Flags set on single pixels
0x10000 NEARBADPIXEL Bad pixel within 3 pixels of trace
0x20000 LOWFLAT Flat field less than 0.5
0x40000 FULLREJECT Pixel fully rejected in extraction
0x80000 PARTIALREJECT Some pixels rejected in extraction
0x100000 SCATTEREDLIGHT Scattered light significant
0x200000 CROSSTALK Cross-talk significant
0x400000 NOSKY Sky level unknown at this wavelength
0x800000 BRIGHTSKY Sky level > flux + 10*(flux error)
AND sky > 1.25*median sky over 99 pixels
0x1000000 NODATA No data available in combine B-spline
0x2000000 COMBINEREJ Rejected in combine B-spline
0x4000000 BADFLUXFACTOR Low flux-calibration or flux-correction factor
0x8000000 BADSKYCHI c2 > 4 in sky residuals at this wavelength
0x10000000REDMONSTER Contiguous region of bad c2 in sky residuals
Table 13: Spectroscopic Mask Bits

Name

Type Description
Class Statistics:
Total number of chunks, runs, fields, objects and segments
nChunk int32 Number of chunk objects
nRun int32 Number of run objects
nSegment int32 Number of segments
nField int32 Number of fields
nPhotoObj int32 Number of Photo Objects
nPrimary int32 Number of Primary Photo Objects
nSecondary int32 Number of Secondary Photo Objects
nFamily int32 Number of Family Objects
nStar int32 Number of objects classified as stars
nGalaxy int32 Number of obects classified as galaxies
nSky int32 Number of objects classified as sky
nUnknown int32 Number of objects classified as unknown
nStarSec int32 Number of secondary objects classified as star
nGalaxySec int32 Number of secondary objects classified as galaxy
nSkySec int32 Number of secondary objects classified as sky
nUnknownSec int32 Number of secondary objects classified as unknown
nExternal int32 Number of external objects
nPlate int32 Number of plates
nSpecObj int32 Number of spectra
nSpecLine int32 Number of spectral lines
nSpecLineIndex int32 Number of spectral line indices

Table 14: Statistics Class

Name Type Description
Class Run:
One continuous photometric observation
run;runNumber int32 Run number
skyNodes int64[] Level 5 HTM nodes of this run
chunk;Chunk ManyAssoc(sxChunk) Link to the chunks this run is part of
segment;Segment ManyAssoc(sxSegment) Link to the segments of this run
Class Chunk:
Completely observed pair of strips
chunkNumber int16 Chunk number
startMu int32 Starting coordinate in Great Circle coordinates
endMu int32 Ending coordinate in Great Circle coordinates
stripe int32 Stripe number
exportVersion char[32] Export version
segment;Segment ManyAssoc(sxSegment) Link to all segments of this chunk
Class Segment:
A single camera column within a chunk
segment_ID;id;segID int64 Unique segment identifier
run int32 Run number of this segment
camCol int32 Camera column number (1-6)
rerun int32 Rerun number
field0 int32 Starting field number
nFields int32 Number of fields in segment
dscale int32 Scaling for bias
strip int16 Strip (N or S)
status int16 Status: primary,secondary or bad
resolved int16 Resolved flag (yes/no)
exported int16 Exported flag (yes/no)
families int16 Families identified flag (yes/no)
loadMJD float64 Date / Time at loading of database
equinox float64 Great Circle Equinox
node float64 Great Circle Ascending Node
incl float64 Great Circle Inclination
cObs;c_obs float64 CCD Clock rate
tracking float64 Tracking Rate
raMin;ramin float64 Lowest J2000 RA (degrees)
raMax;ramax float64 Highest J2000 RA (degrees)
decMin;decmin float64 Lowest J2000 Dec (degrees)
decMax;decmax float64 Highest J2000 Dec (degrees)
lMin;lmin float64 Lowest Galactic longitude (degrees)
lMax;lmax float64 Highest Galactic longitude (degrees)
bMin;bmin float64 Lowest Galactic latitude (degrees)
bMax;bmax float64 Highest Galactic latitude (degrees)
lambdaMin;lambdamin float64 Lowest survey l (degrees)
lambdaMax;lambdamax float64 Highest survey l (degrees)
etaMin;etamin float64 Lowest survey h (degrees)
etaMax;etamax float64 Highest survey h (degrees)
photoId;photo_id char[32] Photo ID tag
photoVersion;phot_ver char[32] Photo version
targetAstroId;tast_id char[32] Astrometric pipeline used for target
targetAstroVersion;tast_ver char[32] Astrometric pipeline version used for target selection
exportAstroId;eastr_id char[32] Astrometric calibration used for export to SX.
exportAstroVersion;eastr_ver char[32] Astrometric pipeline version used for export to SX.
targetFCalibId;tfcal_id char[32] Photometric calibration used for target selection.
targetFCalibVersion;tfcal_ver char[32] FCALIB pipeline version used for target selection
exportFCalibId;efcal_id char[32] Photometric calibration used for export to SX.
exportFCalibVersion;efcal_ver char[32] FCALIB pipeline version used for export to SX.
sxLoaderVersion; char[32] Version of SX Loader used to load this segment
loaderVersion;load_ver
objectSource;obj_src char[32] Object Source
targetSource;targ_src char[32] Target Source
targetVersion char[32] Target version
skyMask_;skyMask uint32[] BitMask encoded HTM nodes covered by this segment
skyMaskLength_;skyMaskLength uint32 Length of BitMask
field;Field ManyAssoc(sxField) Link to fields in this segment
chunk;Chunk OneAssoc(sxChunk) Link to the chunk this segment belongs to

Table 15: Imaging Run, Chunk, and Segment Classes

Name

Type Description
Class Field:
All the measured parameters of a photometric field
fieldID;id,;field_ID int64 Unique field identifier: Bitmask consisting of
run,rerun,camcol,fieldnumber
field;fieldNumber int32 Field number
nObjects;nobj int32 Number of objects in the field
nDetectedObjects;ndetected int32 Number of objects actually detected
nChild;nchild int32 Number of `child' objects
nGalaxy;nGals;ngals;ngalaxy;n_gals int32 Number of objects classified as `galaxy'
nStars;nstars;n_stars int32 Number of objects classified as `star'
numStars;numstars;num_stars int32[5] Number of stars found in each band
nCR;n_CR int32[5] Number of cosmic rays in each band
nBrightObj;n_bright_obj int32[5] Number of bright objects in each band
nFaintObj;n_faint_obj int32[5] Number of faint (nonbright) objects in each band
quality int32 Data quality:

AR_DQ_BAD
= 1, Not acceptable

AR_DQ_ACCEPTABLE
= 2, Acceptable but better wanted

AR_DQ_GOOD
= 3, Fully acceptable

AR_DQ_MISSING
= 4, Data missing; accepted as hole

AR_DQ_HOLE
= 5, Data poor; accepted as hole
mjd;MJD float64[5] MJD(TAI) when row 0 was read.

Astrometric calibration quantities
a float64[5] Astrometric transformation constants.
b float64[5] Astrometric transformation constants.
c float64[5] Astrometric transformation constants.
d float64[5] Astrometric transformation constants.
e float64[5] Astrometric transformation constants.
f float64[5] Astrometric transformation constants.
dRow0;d_row0 float64[5] Zero-order row distortion coefficient.
dRow1;d_row1 float64[5] First-order row distortion coefficient.
dRow2;d_row2 float64[5] Second-order row distortion coefficient.
dRow3;d_row3 float64[5] Third-order row distortion coefficient.
dCol0;d_col0 float64[5] Zero-order column distortion coefficient.
dCol1;d_col1 float64[5] First-order column distortion coefficient.
dCol2;d_col2 float64[5] Second-order column distortion coefficient.
dCol3;d_col3 float64[5] Third-order column distortion coefficient.
csRow;cs_row float64[5] Slope in row DCR correction for blue objects.
csCol;cs_col float64[5] Slope in column DCR correction for blue objects
ccRow;cc_row float64[5] Constant row DCR correction for red objects.
ccCol;cc_col float64[5] Constant column DCR correction for red objects.
riCut;ri_cut float64[5] r*-i* cutoff between blue and red objects.
airmass;air_mass;airMass float64[5] Airmass for star at frame center (mid exposure)
raMin;ra_min float64 Minimum RA of field (degrees)
raMax;ra_max float64 Maximum RA of field (degrees)
decMin;dec_min float64 Minimum Dec of field (degrees)
decMax;dec_max float64 Maximum Dec of field (degrees)
scanlineArea;scanLineArea; float32 Area of scanline covered by the field (deg2)
scanline_area
stripeArea;stripe_area float32 Area of stripe covered by the field (deg2)

Photometric calibration quantities
seqID;seqId int32 Sequence id overlapping this field (-1=none)
aa float32[5] Zero-point.
aaErr;aa_err float32[5] Zero-point error
bb float32[5] Color term.
bbErr;bb_err float32[5] Color term error
cc float32[5] Color x extinction term.
ccErr;cc_err float32[5] Error in color extinction term.
kk float32[5] Extinction coefficient.
kkErr;kk_err float32[5] Error in extinction coefficient.

framesStatus;frames_status int32 Info from the fpFieldStat file : Frames Processing Status
rowOffset;row_offset float32[5] Offset to add to transformed row coordinates (pixels).
colOffset;col_offset float32[5] Offset to add to transformed column coordinates (pixels).
saturationLevel;saturation_level int32[5] Saturation level (counts)
culled int32 Bit mask with the same values as primTarget, Table .
A set bit indicates that targets of that type were culled
from the field, and therefore that field is excluded from that
particular science sample.
badMask, acceptableMask, int32 The four unsigned 32-bit integer bit masks ``badMask",
goodMask, holeMask ``acceptableMask", ``goodMask", and ``holeMask" indicate
which quality categories were of the specified quality
for each field. The bits are enumerated as follows:

AR_FQ_SEEING
= 0x1,

AR_FQ_TRACKING
= 0x2

AR_FQ_PSF
= 0x4

AR_FQ_PHOTOMETRY
= 0x8

AR_FQ_PHOTO_DROPOUT
= 0x10

AR_FQ_ODD_EVEN_DROPOUT
= 0x20

AR_FQ_SKY_U
= 0x40

AR_FQ_SKY_G
= 0x80

AR_FQ_SKY_R
= 0x100

AR_FQ_SKY_I
= 0x200

AR_FQ_SKY_Z
= 0x400

AR_FQ_AMP_U0
= 0x800

AR_FQ_AMP_U1
= 0x1000

AR_FQ_AMP_G0
= 0x2000

AR_FQ_AMP_G1
= 0x4000

AR_FQ_AMP_R0
= 0x8000

AR_FQ_AMP_R1
= 0x10000

AR_FQ_AMP_I0
= 0x20000

AR_FQ_AMP_I1
= 0x40000

AR_FQ_AMP_Z0
= 0x80000

AR_FQ_AMP_Z1
= 0x100000

AR_FQ_MANUAL
= 0x200000
gain float32[5] Gain averaged over amplifiers (electrons/DN)
darkVariance;dark_variance float32[5] Dark variance
acceptableMask int32 See description of badMask
goodMask int32 See description of badMask
holeMask int32 See description of badMask

Outputs of PSP
skyPsp;sky_psp float32[5] Sky from the point spread function fit. (asinh mags/arcsec2)
skyFrames;sky_frames float32[5] Global sky value in the corrected frame. (asinh mags/arcsec2)
skyFramesSub;sky_frames_sub float32[5] Global sky value after object subtraction. (asinh mags/arcsec2)
sky float32[5] Average sky in frame (asinh mags/arcsec2)
skySig;sky_sig float32[5] Sigma of sky value distribution (asinh mags/arcsec2)
skyErr;sky_err float32[5] Error of average sky in frame. (asinh mags/arcsec2)
skySlope;sky_slope float32[5] Slope in sky value along columns (asinh mags/arcsec2/field)
lbias;lBias;l_bias float32[5] Left-hand bias level (ADUs x DSCALE)
rbias;rBias;r_bias float32[5] Right-hand bias level (ADUs x DSCALE)
sigPix;sky_pix float32[5] Clipped s of pixel values in corrected frame (asinh mags/arcsec2)
deVApCorrection;deV_ap_correction float32[5] deVaucouleurs aperture correction (mag)
deVApCorrectionErr; float32[5] deVaucouleurs aperture correction error (mag)
deV_ap_correctionErr
expApCorrection;exp_ap_correction float32[5] exponential aperture correction (mag)
expApCorrectionErr; float32[5] exponential aperture correction error (mag)
exp_ap_correctionErr
deVModelApCorrection; float32[5] deVaucouleurs model aperture correction (mag)
deV_model_ap_correction
deVModelApCorrectionErr; float32[5] deVaucouleurs model aperture correction error (mag)
deV_model_ap_correctionErr
expModelApCorrection; float32[5] Exponential model aperture correction (mag)
exp_model_ap_correction
expModelApCorrectionErr; float32[5] Exponential model aperture correction error (mag)
exp_model_ap_correctionErr
medianFiberColor;median_fiberColor; float32[5] Median fiber colors of objects in field (mag)
median_fiber_color
medianPsfColor;median_psfColor; float32[5] Median PSF colors of objects in field (mag)
median_psf_color;medianPSFColor
q;Q float32[5] Mean Stokes Q parameter on the frame
u;U float32[5] Mean Stokes U parameter on the frame

PSF fitting details
status int32[5] Type of PSF fit for each filter in the field

AR_PSF_STATUS_UNKNOWN
= -1,

AR_PSF_STATUS_OK
= 0, 2nd order parabolas

AR_PSF_STATUS_PSF22
= 1, linear functions

AR_PSF_STATUS_PSF11
= 2, constant

AR_PSF_STATUS_NOPSF
= 3, fit from previous frame used

AR_PSF_STATUS_ABORTED
= 4, No PSF available

AR_PSF_STATUS_MISSING
= 5, No PSF available
pspStatus;psp_status int16 Maximum value of ``status'' over all 5 filters.
psfNStar;psf_nstar int32[5] Number of stars used in PSF measurement.
nEffPsf;nEffPSF;neff_psf float32[5] Effective area of the point spread function. (pixels)
psfApCorrectionErr; float32[5] Photometric error due to imperfect PSF model (mags)
psf_ap_correctionErr
psfSigma1;psf_sigma1 float32[5] Inner gaussian sigma for the composite fit (arcsec)
psfSigma2;psf_sigma2 float32[5] Outer gaussian sigma for the composite fit (arcsec)
psfB;psf_b float32[5] Ratio of the amplitude of the inner PSF to the outer PSF at the origin.
psfP0;psf_p0 float32[5] The value of the power law at the origin
psfBeta;psf_beta float32[5] Slope of power law
psfSigmaP;psf_sigmap float32[5] Width parameter for power law
psfWidth;psf_width float32[5] Effective PSF width, at the center of the frame (arcsec)
psfPsfCounts;psf_psfCounts float32[5] Flux via fit to PSF (counts)
psf2GSigma1;psf_sigma1_2G float32[5] PSF inner sigma in 2 Gaussian fit (arcsec)
psf2GSigma2;psf_sigma2_2G float32[5] PSF outer sigma in 2 Gaussian fit (arcsec)
psf2GB;psf_b_2G float32[5] PSF sigma ratio in 2 Gaussian fit (arcsec)
psfCounts;psf_counts float32[5] PSF counts
nProf;prof_nprof;n_prof int32[5] Number of profile bins in PSF model
profMeanU;prof_mean_u float32[] Mean PSF profile u band
profMeanG;prof_mean_g float32[] Mean PSF profile g band
profMeanR;prof_mean_r float32[] Mean PSF profile r band
profMeanI;prof_mean_i float32[] Mean PSF profile i band
profMeanZ;prof_mean_z float32[] Mean PSF profile z band
profMedU;prof_med_u float32[] Median PSF profile u band
profMedG;prof_med_g float32[] Median PSF profile g band
profMedR;prof_med_r float32[] Median PSF profile r band
profMedI;prof_med_i float32[] Median PSF profile i band
profMedZ;prof_med_z float32[] Median PSF profile z band
profSigU;prof_sig_u float32[] PSF Profile sigma u band
profSigG;prof_sig_g float32[] PSF Profile sigma g band
profSigR;prof_sig_r float32[] PSF Profile sigma r band
profSigI;prof_sig_i float32[] PSF Profile sigma i band
profSigZ;prof_sig_z float32[] PSF Profile sigma z band
photoobj;PhotoObj;pobj; ManyAssoc(PhotoObj) To-Many link to the photometric objects in this field
sxPhotoObj;obj
segment;Segment OneAssoc(Segment) To-One link to the segment this field is in

Table 16: Field Class

Name Type Description
Class Plate:
Properties of spectroscopy plates
plate_ID int64 Unique ID
mjd;MJD int32 MJD of observation
plateID;plateid int16 Plate ID
tileID;tileid int16 Tile ID
mapID;mapid int16 Map ID
nExp;nexp int16 Number of exposures
tai;TAI float32 TAI seconds
raBoresight;ra_b float64 RA of telescope boresight (degrees)
decBoresight;dec_b float64 DEC of telescope boresight (degrees)
taiHms;taihms char[20] HMS
expTime;exptime float32 Total exposure time (seconds)
expTimeB1;expt_b1 float32 Exposure time b1 camera (seconds)
expTimeB2;expt_b2 float32 Exposure time b2 camera (seconds)
expTimeR1;expt_r1 float32 Exposure time r1 camera (seconds)
expTimeR2;expt_r2 float32 Exposure time r2 camera (seconds)
helioRV;heliorv float32 Heliocentric velocity correction (km/s)
ra;radeg float64 RA of plate center (degrees)
dec;decdeg float64 DEC of plate center (degrees)
htmID int64 Hierarchical Triangular Mesh level 20 ID of plate center
sn1;SN1 float32[3] Signal-to-noise ratio in 1st spectrograph in g,r,i at 20.2
sn2;SN2 float32[3] Signal-to-noise ratio in 2nd spectrograph in g,r,i at 20.2
reddening float32[5] Reddening in all five bands (mag)
dateObs;dateobs;date_obs char[12] Date of observation
timeSys;timesys char[8] Time system
quality char[12] Quality of night/image
name char[32] Name of target; PlateId-MJD-Mapper ReRun
program char[16] ID of CCD program
version char[20] IOP version
observer;obsrvr char[20] Observer name
camVer;camver char[20] Camera code version
spec2DVer;vers2d;spec2d_ver;spec2d_v char[20] IDL Spec2D version
utilsVer;versutil;utils_ver;utils_v char[20] IDL Utils version
spec1DVer;vers1d;vers_1d char[20] Spec1D version
readVer;versread char[20] Version of idlspec2d for pre-processing raw data
combVer;verscomb char[20] Version of idlspec2d for combining multiple spectra
expID int64[] Exposure ID array. Use expIDString(i) to get the string.
expIDString(int32) char* Function to retrieve exposure id string
specobj;spec ManyAssocxSpecObj Link to the spectroscopic objects on this plate

Table 17: Spectroscopic Plate Class

Class SDSSConstants:
Definition of the survey's geometry
siteLongitude float64 Site geodesic WEST longitude (degrees)
siteLatitude float64 Site geodesic NORTH latitude (degrees)
siteAltitude float64 Altitude (meters)
surveyCenterRa float32 J2000 right ascension of survey center (degrees)
surveyCenterDec float32 J2000 declination of survey center (degrees)
surveyEquinox float32 Survey equinox (years)
lambdaMin float32 Survey longitude minimum (degrees)
lambdaMax float32 Survey longitude maximum (degrees)
etaMin float32 Survey latitude minimum (degrees)
etaMax float32 Survey latitude maximum (degrees)
lambdaMinNStripe float32[45] The minimum longitude of each northern stripe
lambdaMaxNStripe float32[45] The maximum longitude of each northern stripe
etaNStripe float32[45] Latitude for each northern stripe (degrees)
southStripeNumbers int32[3] The southern stripe numbers
lambdaMinSStripe float32[3] The minimum longitude of each southern stripe
lambdaMaxSStripe float32[3] The maximum longitude of each southern stripe
etaSStripe float32[3] Latitude for each southern stripe
stripeWidth float32 Width of stripes (degrees)
scanSeparation float64 Scan separation (degrees)
stripeSeparation float32 Stripe separation (degrees)
brickLength float32 Length of imaging bricks (degrees)
ccdColSep float64 CCD column separation (degrees)
northMajor float32 Major axis radius of Northern survey (degrees)
northMinor float32 Minor axis radius of Northern survey (degrees)
northPA float32 Position angle of Northern survey area (degrees)
telescopeSize float32 Nominal diameter of primary mirror (meters)
fieldOfView float32 Telescope field of view (degrees)
chipPixelX int32 Chip X-size (pixels)
chipPixelY int32 Chip Y-size (pixels)
nFilters int32 Number of filters
nChipsPerFilter int32 Number of chips per filter
effectiveLambda int32[5] Effective wavelengths of each filter
limitingMagnitudes float32[5] Limiting magnitudes per band
filters char[16] Filter names
refBand char[3] Reference band
specPerPlate int32 Number of spectra taken per plate
specLowerLimit int32 Spectrograph wavelength lower limit (Å)
specUpperLimit int32 Spectrograph wavelength upper limit (Å)
resolutionPLDL;resolution int32 Resolution of spectrograph (l/Dl)

Table 18: Constants used in the SDSS

u 3551 3.00 ×10-3 581 0.0171
g 4686 7.13 ×10-3 1262 0.0893
r 6166 3.13 ×10-3 1149 0.0886
i 7480 2.58 ×10-3 1237 0.0591
z 8932 3.18 ×10-3 994 0.0099
Table 19: SDSS Filter Parameters

Run astrom psp frames mtpipe nfcalib resolve target plate spectro2d spectro1d
94 v3.3 v5.2.21 v5.2.21 v7.2 v1.7.8 v2.7 v2.7 v2.6 v4.6.2 v5.3.2
125 v3.3 v5.2.21 v5.2.21 v7.2 v1.7.8 v2.7 v2.7 v2.6 v4.6.2 v5.3.2
752 v3.3 v5.2.6 v5.2.6 v7.2 v1.7.8 v2.2a v2.2a v2.3 v4.6.2 v5.3.2
756 v3.2 v5.2.6 v5.2.6 v7.2 v1.7.8 v2.2a v2.2a v2.3 v4.6.2 v5.3.2
1336 v3.3 v5.2.12 v5.2.12 v7.2 v1.7.8 v2.5 v2.5 v2.6 v4.6.2 v5.3.2
1339 v3.3 v5.2.12 v5.2.12 v7.2 v1.7.8 v2.5 v2.5 v2.6 v4.6.2 v5.3.2
1356 v3.3 v5.2.12 v5.2.12 v7.2 v1.7.8 v2.5 v2.5 v2.6 v4.6.2 v5.3.2
1359 v3.3 v5.2.10 v5.2.10 v7.2 v1.7.8 v2.5 v2.5 v2.6 v4.6.2 v5.3.2
astrom provides the astrometric calibration for imaging data.

The postage stamp pipeline (psp) characterizes the point spread function and sky level during an imaging run.

frames finds and measures objects in imaging data.

mtpipe finds and measures objects in data from the Photometric Telescope.

Final Photometric Calibration nfcalib matches objects from frames and mtpipe to calibrate imaging data.

resolve chooses among multiple detections of objects in overlap areas to define the primary set of detected objects.

target selects primary objects for spectroscopic observation.

plate defines locations of holes in an aluminum plug plate for spectroscopic targets.

spectro2d extracts and flux-calibrates spectra from the full spectroscopic frames.

spectro1d identifies and measures the extracted spectra.

Table 20: Pipeline Versions used for Early Data Release

Band

b Zero flux magnitude (m(f/f0=0)) m(f/f0=10b)
u 1.4 ×10-10 24.63 22.12
g 0.9 ×10-10 25.11 22.60
r 1.2 ×10-10 24.80 22.29
i 1.8 ×10-10 24.36 21.85
z 7.4 ×10-10 22.83 20.32

These values of the softening parameter b are set to be approximate 1s of the sky noise; thus, only low signal-to-noise ratio measurements are affected by the difference between asinh and Pogson magnitudes. The final column gives the asinh magnitude associated with an object for which f/f0=10b; the difference between Pogson and asinh magnitudes is < 1% for objects brighter than this. (Note that the definition b has been modified since its mention in the Appendix of [181999Fan et al.]. There, b had units of DN/sec; now, it is a dimensionless quantity.)

Table 21: Asinh Magnitude Softening Parameters

Band Afilter/E(B-V)
u 5.155
g 3.793
r 2.751
i 2.086
z 1.479
Table 22: Conversion from E(B-V) to Extinction

(u*-g*) 1.42 ±0.82
(g*-r*) 1.11 ±0.46
(r*-i*) 0.48 ±0.34
(i*-z*) 0.35 ±0.22
Table 23: The Cosmic Colors

u 0.55 ±0.10 -0.021±0.003
g 0.15 ±0.05 -0.016±0.003
r 0.10 ±0.04 -0.004±0.003
i 0.08 ±0.02 +0.006±0.003
z 0.06 ±0.02 +0.003±0.003
Table 24: Extinction Terms and Second Order Extinction Coefficients

94 1-6 104-544 ACCEPTABLE
125 1-6 11-451 ACCEPTABLE
752 1-6 11-300 ACCEPTABLE
752 4 339 HOLE
752 1-6 461-480 ACCEPTABLE
752 1-6 481-483 HOLE
752 1-6 484-500 ACCEPTABLE
756 1-6 732-802 ACCEPTABLE
1356 1-6 20 BAD
1356 1-6 21-60 ACCEPTABLE
1356 1-6 91-95 ACCEPTABLE
1359 1-6 19 ACCEPTABLE
1359 3 20 HOLE
1359 1-6 20-80 ACCEPTABLE
Table 25: Early Data Release Manual Quality

Number of Fibers Target
640 Total
32 sky
8 spectrophotometric standards
8 reddening standards
approx. 2 hot subdwarf standards
approx. 480 galaxies ->
approx. 420 in main galaxy sample
approx. 60 in LRG sample
approx. 80 quasar candidates
approx. 30 unreserved ->
approx. 5 ROSAT All-Sky Survey sources
approx. 15 stars
approx. 7-8 serendipity objects
approx. 2-3 quality assurance targets
Table 26: Breakdown of Fiber Allocation for a Typical Plate

Name Hex Bit Tiled Target? Description
Primary Targets
TARGET_QSO_HIZ 0x1 tiled high-redshift QSO
TARGET_QSO_CAP 0x2 tiled quasar at high Galactic latitude
TARGET_QSO_SKIRT 0x4 tiled quasar at low Galactic latitude
TARGET_QSO_FIRST_CAP 0x8 tiled ``stellar'' FIRST source at high Galactic latitude
TARGET_QSO_FIRST_SKIRT 0x10 tiled ``stellar'' FIRST source at low Galactic latitude
TARGET_QSO_FAINT 0x2000000 - stellar outlier; too faint to target
TARGET_QSO_REJECT 0x20000000 - stellar outlier, in excluded region
TARGET_GALAXY_RED 0x20 tiled LRG
TARGET_GALAXY_RED_II 0x4000000 tiled Cut II LRG
TARGET_GALAXY 0x40 tiled galaxy
TARGET_GALAXY_BIG 0x80 tiled large, relatively low surface brightness galaxy
TARGET_GALAXY_BRIGHT_CORE 0x100 tiled low surface brightness galaxy with bright fiber magnitude
TARGET_ROSAT_A 0x200 - also radio source
TARGET_ROSAT_B 0x400 - AGN colors
TARGET_ROSAT_C 0x800 - bright or blue
TARGET_ROSAT_D 0x1000 - low-priority ROSAT target
TARGET_ROSAT_E 0x8000000 - too faint
TARGET_STAR_BHB 0x2000 - blue horizontal branch star
TARGET_STAR_CARBON 0x4000 - carbon star
TARGET_STAR_BROWN_DWARF 0x8000 tiled brown dwarf
TARGET_STAR_SUB_DWARF 0x10000 - subdwarf
TARGET_STAR_CATY_VAR 0x20000 - cataclysmic variable
TARGET_STAR_RED_DWARF 0x40000 - red dwarf
TARGET_STAR_WHITE_DWARF 0x80000 - white dwarf
TARGET_STAR_PN 0x10000000 - planetary nebula
TARGET_SERENDIP_BLUE 0x100000 -
TARGET_SERENDIP_FIRST 0x200000 -
TARGET_SERENDIP_RED 0x400000 -
TARGET_SERENDIP_DISTANT 0x800000 -
TARGET_SERENDIP_MANUAL 0x1000000 -
Secondary Targets
TARGET_LIGHT_TRAP 0x1 - light trap
TARGET_REDDEN_STD 0x2 - reddening standard
TARGET_TEST_TARGET 0x4 - test target
TARGET_QA 0x8 - quality assurance target
TARGET_SKY 0x10 - blank sky
TARGET_SPECTROPHOTO_STD 0x20 - spectrophotometric standard
TARGET_GUIDE_STAR 0x40 - guide star
TARGET_BUNDLE_HOLE 0x80 - hole for a fiber bundle
TARGET_QUALITY_HOLE 0x100 -
TARGET_HOT_STD 0x200 tiled hot subdwarf standard star
Table 27: Target Selection flags

v2.2.a

752,756 266-315,363 SpecObj
v2.5 1336,39,56,59 349-362,366-367 SpecObj
v2.7 94,125 383-416 SpecObj
v2.13.8all all PhotoObj
Plate 324 is dominated by a special selection of targets in the stellar locus.

Table 28: Target Selection Versions: Runs and Plates

Main Galaxy Sample
petroMag Limit 17.65 17.62 17.67 17.77
Fuzz 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
SB limit 23.5 30.0 23.5 24.5
Bright Limit (g*,r*,i*) none none (15.0, 15.0, 14.5) (15.0, 15.0, 14.5)
Small Bright Limit none none 15.5 15.0
check local sky? no no no yes

Luminous Red Galaxy Sample
galaxy morphology (I) objc_type == 3 objc_type == 3 r*psf-r*model > 0.3 r*psf-r*model > 0.3
galaxy morphology (II) objc_type == 3 objc_type == 3 r*psf-r*model > 0.3 r*psf-r*model > 0.5
bg*-r* (eq. 19) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.30
r*-i* (II)? no no no yes
SB limit (II) 23.3 23.3 23.3 24.2

Quasar Sample
Bright i* limit 16.5 15.0 15.0
color rejection? only A-stars yes yes
QSO_HIZ (u*g*r*i*)? no yes yes
The four color rejection criteria are: Hot White Dwarfs (Eq. 20); unresolved M dwarf-white dwarf pairs (Eq. 21); A-stars (Eq. 22); and blue objects, from the high redshift quasar sample (Eq. 23).

These high-redshift quasar candidates were flagged as QSO_CAP or QSO_SKIRT instead of QSO_HIZ.

Table 29: Target Selection Versions: Selection Criteria

lvac galaxy quasar species
(Å) weight weight
1033.30 0.0 1.0
1215.24 0.0 9.0 Lya
1239.42 0.0 3.0
1305.53 0.0 0.0
1335.52 0.0 0.0
1397.61 0.0 0.0
1399.8 0.0 1.0 +
1545.86 0.0 8.0
1637.85 0.0 0.0
1665.85 0.0 0.0
1857.4 0.0 0.0
1908.27 0.0 7.0
2326.0 0.0 0.5
2439.5 0.0 0.0
2800.32 1.0 8.0
3346.79 0.0 0.0
3426.85 0.0 0.0
3728.30 5.0 1.0
3889.0 0.0 0.0
3971.19 0.0 0.0 He
4072.3 0.0 0.0
4102.89 0.5 2.0 Hd
4341.68 1.0 3.0 Hg
4364.436 0.0 0.0
4862.68 2.0 4.0 Hb
4932.603 0.0 0.0
4960.295 2.0 2.0
5008.240 3.0 2.0
6302.046 0.0 0.0
6365.536 0.0 0.0
6529.03 0.0 0.0
6549.86 3.0 0.0
6564.61 8.0 8.0 Ha
6585.27 3.0 0.0
6718.29 3.0 0.0
6732.67 3.0 0.0
Absorption lines
3934.777 -1.0 0.0 K
3969.588 -1.0 0.0 H
4305.61 -1.0 0.0 G
5176.7 -1.0 0.0 Mg
5895.6 -1.0 0.0 Na
Sky lines
5578.5 0.0 0.0 Sky
5894.6 0.0 0.0 Sky
6301.7 0.0 0.0 Sky
7246.0 0.0 0.0 Sky
Table 30: Reference wavelengths, in vacuum, used in spectro1d.

Identification

Number
quasar 4833
galaxy with absorption 3430
emission line galaxy 1628
white dwarf 734
white dwarf / M dwarf pair 61
O star 4
B star 66
A star 957
F star 2294
G star 1126
K star 970
M star 1186
L star 15
sub-dwarf star 12
carbon star 23
cataclysmic variable star 7
planetary nebula star 2
star of unknown type 82
unknown type 311
defective spectrum 60
Table 31: Manual Classification of non-galaxy spectra

Main Galaxy LR Galaxy Main Quasar High z Quasar Other
Targets 35838 9714 7876 1307 6398
z confidence 35614 9691 7714 1218 5974
good zStatus 33860 9049 7475 1107 5606
galaxy 32949 8872 2783 227 403
quasar 187 7 3157 263 795
neither 724 170 1535 617 4408
Total number of spectra classified as galaxy: 39959
Total number of spectra classified as quasar: 4055

Table 32: Summary of specObj objects included in the redshift histograms. There are a total of 54,008 spectra in the EDR. Columns summarize objects in the specified samples, and rows indicate the number of objects that satisfy the criteria.

Main Galaxy Sample has primTarget = TARGET_GALAXY | TARGET_GALAXY_BIG | TARGET_GALAXY_BRIGHT_CORE

Luminous Red Galaxy sample has primTarget = TARGET_GALAXY_RED | TARGET_GALAXY_RED_II

Main Quasar Sample has primTarget = TARGET_QSO_CAP | TARGET_QSO_SKIRT | TARGET_QSO_FIRST_CAP | TARGET_QSO_FIRST_SKIRT

High Redshift Quasar Sample has primTarget = TARGET_QSO_HIZ

Other Sample has none of the above primTarget flag bits set.

Number of spectra observed in each sample

Number of spectra with zConf ³ 0.60

Number of spectra with a good zStatus, not equal to NOT_MEASURED, FAILED, INCONSISTENT, XCORR_LOC, EMLINE_LOC, or MANUAL_LOC.

Number of spectra classified as galaxy (specClass = 2)

Number of spectra classified as quasar (specClass = 3 or 4)

Number of spectra not classified as either galaxy or quasar


Footnotes:

1 " http://cas.sdss.org/edr/en"

2 " http://www.sdss.org"

3 "http://sdss.nao.ac.jp"

4 "https://wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de/SDSS/"

5 " http://www.astro.princeton.edu/PBOOK/welcome.htm"

6 "http://archive.stsci.edu/index.html"

7 "https://www.astro.princeton.edu/PBOOK/"

8In fact, strictly speaking, there is not one 2.5-meter system, but six, because the detectors and filters in each CCD column are slightly different. These differences are appreciable only in the z band, which is cut off on the long-wavelength side by the detector response. While these differences must be accounted for in detail for some work, for most purposes the average response curves are sufficient.

9Note that we only implemented the smear exposures half-way through commissioning. Table  indicates for each plate whether a smear exposure was actually taken.

10The situation has improved since these data were taken, as the telescope is now better collimated.

11In order to keep up with the data processing, the frames pipeline uses only 15-20 milliseconds per object per band on a 1 GHz Pentium III machine.

12Placeholders exist in the database for the errors on each of these quantities, but they are not currently calculated.

13Note that these isophotal quantities are the only ones which require a priori photometric calibrations before frames is run. They use a preliminary calibration, which is only accurate to 0.05 mag or so.

14In future data releases, we expect to improve on this technique by carrying out multiple smear exposures of the fundamental SDSS standard stars.


File translated from TEX by TTH, version 3.01.
On 18 Nov 2001, 12:28.