May 27, 2008

New measurements reveal slimmer Milky Way

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Researchers from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-II) have used the motions of distant stars to measure the mass of the Milky Way galaxy. Our sun lies about 25,000 light years from the center of the galaxy, roughly halfway out in the galactic disk. The new mass determination is based on the measured motions of 2,400 "blue horizontal branch" stars in the extended stellar halo that surrounds the disk. These measurements reach distances of nearly 200,000 light years from the galactic center, roughly the edge of the region illustrated above. The visible, stellar part of our Milky Way in the middle is embedded into its much more massive and more extended dark matter halo, indicated in dim red. The 'blue horizontal branch stars' that were found and measured in the SDSS-II study, are orbiting our Milky Way at large distances. From their speeds the researchers were able to estimate much better the mass of the Milky Way's dark matter halo, and found it to be much "slimmer" than thought before. (Credit - SDSS Collaboration, Axel Quetz, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Heidelberg)

The Milky Way galaxy has lost weight. A lot of weight. About a trillion suns' worth.

It wasn't a galactic diet that accounted for the recent slimming, but a more accurate scale. This weighty discovery from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-II) has broad implications for our understanding of the Milky Way.

"The galaxy is slimmer than we thought," said Xiangxiang Xue of the National Astronomical Observatories of China, who led an international team of researchers. "That means it has less dark matter than previously believed, but also that it was more efficient in converting its original supply of hydrogen and helium into stars." Xue is presently pursuing a doctoral thesis at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) in Heidelberg, Germany.

The discovery, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal, is based on data from SEGUE, an enormous survey of stars in the Milky Way -- one of the three programs that comprise SDSS-II. Using SEGUE measurements of stellar velocities in the outer Milky Way, a region known as the stellar halo, the researchers determined the mass of the Galaxy by inferring the amount of gravity required to keep the stars in orbit. Some of that gravity comes from the Milky Way stars themselves, but most of it comes from an extended distribution of invisible dark matter, whose nature is still not fully understood.

To trace the mass distribution of the Galaxy, the SEGUE team used a carefully constructed sample of 2,400 "blue horizontal branch" stars whose distances can be determined from their measured brightness. Blue horizontal branch stars can be seen to large distances, Xue explained, enabling the team to measure velocities of stars all the way out to distances of 180,000 light years from the sun.

The most recent previous studies of the mass of the Milky Way used mixed samples of 50 to 500 objects, noted team member Hans-Walter Rix, director of MPIA. They implied masses up to two trillion times the mass of the sun for the total mass of the Galaxy. By contrast, when the SDSS-II measurement within 180,000 light years is corrected to a total mass measurement, it yields a value slightly under one trillion times the mass of the sun.

"The enormous size of SEGUE gives us a huge statistical advantage," said Rix. "We can select a uniform set of tracers, and the large sample of stars allows us to calibrate our method against realistic computer simulations of the Galaxy."

"The total mass of the Galaxy is hard to measure because we're stuck in the middle of it," explained collaborator Timothy Beers of Michigan State University. "But it is the single most fundamental number we have to know if we want to understand how the Milky Way formed or compare it to distant galaxies that we see from the outside."

All SDSS-II observations are made from the 2.5-meter telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico. It uses a mosaic digital camera to image large areas of sky and spectrographs fed by 640 optical fibers to measure light from individual stars, galaxies, and quasars. SEGUE's stellar spectra turn flat sky maps into multi-dimensional views of the Milky Way, Beers said, by providing distances, velocities, and chemical compositions of hundreds of thousands of stars.

The new results on the mass of the galaxy are described in a paper titled "The Milky Way's Circular Velocity Curve to 60 kpc and an Estimate of the Dark Matter Halo Mass from Kinematics of 2400 SDSS Blue Horizontal Branch Stars," which will appear this fall in The Astrophysical Journal. The abstract can be found at http://arxiv.org/abs/0801.1232.

Definitions:

SEGUE — Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration

Authors:

• X.-X Xue, The National Astronomical Observatories, CAS
• H.-W. Rix, Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy
• G. Zhao, The National Astronomical Observatories, CAS
• P. Re Fiorentin, Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, University of Ljubljana
• T. Naab, Universitat-Sternwarte Munchen
• M. Steinmetz, Astrophysical Institute Potsdam
• F. C. van den Bosch, Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy
• T. C. Beers, Michigan State University
• Y. S. Lee, Michigan State University
• E. F. Bell, Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy
• C. Rockosi, Lick Observatory/University of California, Santa Cruz
• B. Yanny, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
• H. Newberg, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
• R. Wilhelm, Texas Tech University
• X. Kang, Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy
• M. C. Smith, University of Cambridge
• D. P. Schneider, Pennsylvania State University

Contacts:

• Xiangxiang Xue, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, 49-6221-528-383, xue@mpia-hd.mpg.de, xuexx@bao.ac.cn
• Hans-Walter Rix, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, 49-6221-528-210, 49-6221-528-339 (fax), rix@mpia-hd.mpg.de
• Timothy Beers, Michigan State University, 517-884-5616, 517-256-7996 (cell), beers@pa.msu.edu
• David Weinberg, Scientific Spokesperson, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 614-292-6543, weinberg.21@osu.edu
• Gary S. Ruderman, Public Information Officer, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 312-320-4794, sdsspio@gmail.com